How to plant tomatoes from fruit

Warmer soil temperatures in late May and early June are perfect for tomato seedlings, but keep an eye on the thermometer.

Frost will kill them and blossom drop will occur if nighttime temperatures dip below 55°F or rise above 75°F. 

Whether started from seed at home or purchased from a nursery, tomato transplants should be short and stocky with stems about the width of a pencil. Prepare them for the rigors of the outdoors by hardening-off over the course of a week, allowing for a gradual increase in sun and wind exposure each day.

Tomatoes require a minimum of six hours of direct sun daily. They prefer daytime temperatures of 70 to 80°F degrees and nighttime temps above 60°F.

These heavy feeders love slightly acidic (pH 6.2-6.8), fertile, loamy, well-draining soil. Plant them in different spots from year to year to reduce soil-borne disease. It is too late to change the pH of soil this season, but you can still amend it with organic matter.

Make a note to perform a soil test this fall. Absent soil test recommendations, prepare the soil by working in 2-3 pounds per 100 square feet of a complete fertilizer (10-10-10). More fertilizer or a high-nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended; it can result in luxuriant foliage but delayed flowering and fruiting.

Tomatoes are unique in that any portion of the stem that touches the ground can root. If planted deeply, their root structure will increase. Remove the lower leaves and plant 5-6 inches deep.

Horizontal or trench planting is a technique that takes advantage of higher soil temperatures near the surface. Place the roots and lower stem horizontally in a trench a few inches deep. This is a good planting method if your plants are leggy.

It's best to plant in the evening or on a cloudy day. Firm the soil so that there is good contact, create a well near the stem, then water thoroughly. Give your plants a boost by using a diluted liquid starter fertilizer that is high in phosphorus for strong root development. Space determinate varieties 2 feet apart, 3 feet for indeterminate varieties.

Tomato plants are large and require support. Caging, staking and trellising are all methods employed to provide solid support. Determinate tomatoes require 2- or 3-foot tall supports, while indeterminate varieties should have supports around 5 feet tall.

You can purchase pre-made cages or make your own from concrete reinforcement wire. Openings should be 6 inches square to allow for easy harvesting. Place the cages at planting time. Caged tomato fruits are smaller than those staked, and harvest is later.

If you chose to use stakes, insert them 3-4 inches from the stem at planting. Stakes should be strong, at least 1½ inches in diameter, 6 feet tall and pounded 12 inches into the ground. Staked tomatoes can be planted a bit closer than caged ones, 18-24 inches apart.

Attach ties securely to the stake and gently to the plant at 8- to 12-inch intervals as the tomato grows. Sturdy tall metal spirals can be used like stakes, but no ties are needed if the main stem is trained through the center of the spiral. Staked plants must be pruned as they grow. At each leaf node along the main stem, suckers should be removed just above the first set of leaves. Keeping this first set of leaves increases photosynthesis and provides more foliage cover, reducing sunscald.

Compared to caging, staked plants will be less full but the fruits will be earlier and bigger. However, it is more labor-intensive, and the harvest will be smaller. Increased airflow in staked tomatoes decreases the incidence of fungal disease.

A tomato trellis is a very strong inverted U-shaped structure that is 6-8 feet tall. It is made from two-by-fours with long cords attached 18 inches apart along the crossbar and stretched to the ground. Each cord supports one tomato plant. Stems are wound around and tied to the cord as they grow. Prune as you would for staking. This method has the same advantages and disadvantages as staking.

Mulch plants with 2-3 inches of seed-free straw or bark chips. Mulching reduces evaporation, reduces weed germination and can reduce soil-borne disease.

Common diseases afflicting tomatoes include blossom-end rot, caused by fluctuations in moisture, and split tomatoes, which occur with sudden increases in moisture. Consistent watering in the right amounts is key to preventing both diseases.

Provide 1-1½ inches of water per week. Poke your finger into the soil and if it is dry at 2 inches deep, provide water. Water the soil, not the leaves. Water in the morning so that the leaves dry quickly.

A bit of work and some knowledge will allow you to enjoy the unmatched flavor of a warm, freshly harvested tomato from your own garden.

Growing tomatoes is often the impetus for starting a vegetable garden, and every tomato lover dreams of growing the ultimate tomato: firm but juicy, sweet but tangy, aromatic, and blemish-free.

Unfortunately, there are few vegetables that are prone to more problems than tomatoes. The trick to growing great-tasting tomatoes is to choose the best varieties, start the plants off right, and control problems before they happen. Start here with some time-tested tomato growing tips to ensure your tomato bragging rights this year.

We can never get enough garden tomatoes—or tips—on growing the ultimate backyard crop! While tomatoes aren’t necessarily hard to grow, some knowledge is required in order to avoid common pitfalls. Toward that end, here are our top 10 tricks for growing tons of trouble-free tomatoes, including a few secrets for boosting your tomato nutrition for a bigger harvest.

It may seem obvious, but the varieties you grow need to be suited to your climate. Choose cool-climate varieties for regions with shorter growing seasons and hot-climate varieties for very warm regions in order to ensure they can still produce fruit in summer.

Some tomatoes are more susceptible to disease than others, so look out for variety descriptions that promise good resistance to diseases such as blight. You may also want to seek out varieties known to give an early harvest, heavy yields, and, of course, superior flavor—or all of the above!

Let’s review four criteria:

1. Climate: If you live in a northern, cooler climate, your tomatoes may have a limited time to turn red. Look for varieties that are for cool climates and short seasons such as ‘Early Girl’ (matures only 50 days after planting); most other short-season varieties will be cherry tomatoes. There are also tomato varieties that are heat-tolerant and best for hot Southern gardens such as ‘Heatmaster’ and ‘Arkansas Traveler’. See Bonnie Plants’ Tomato Chooser to find the variety with the traits that fit what you’re looking for.
    
2. Type of tomato: Do you want tomatoes for pasta and sauce? Or, a great slicer? Or bite-sized? Romas, plum, or “paste” tomatoes are excellent for cooking because they contain plenty of flesh for sauces. Beefsteaks are chunky and juicy, so are great in salads and on burgers. Cherry tomatoes have the sweetest taste and are wonderful as snacks and for children. See our post on growing cherry tomatoes!
    
3. Growing habit: Tomatoes are either determinate or indeterminate. Learn the difference and remember that indeterminates must be staked early to avoid disease!
   • Determinate or “bush” varieties stop growing at about 3 feet tall. These compact plants fruit all at once, and tend to be good for making sauce or canning (when you’d want a lot of tomatoes all at once). Most bush tomatoes like a cage and some are well suited to pots.
   • Indeterminate varieties will keep on producing fruit throughout the season until the plant is killed by frost. These plants get quite large and will need definitely some kind of tall supports (at least 5 feet) so stake, or cage  plants early. If fruit and foliage sprawls across the ground, they will be more prone to disease and your harvest will be affected. Indeterminates are great for salads and sandwiches, since they produce fewer fruit at a time, but for a longer period of time.
      
4. Disease-resistance: Tomato names are usually followed by capital letters that stand for resistance to certain diseases. Pay attention to these letters, especially if you have had one of these diseases in your climate before. If you live in a temperate climate with lots of moisture, consider blight-resistant tomatoes. Hybrid examples are ‘Iron Lady,’ ‘Defiant’, ‘Mountain Magic’, ‘Mountain Merit’, and ‘Jasper’. Heirloom examples are ‘Lemon Drop’, ‘Matt’s Wild Cherry’, and ‘Mr. Stripey’ (also called ‘Tigerella’). ‘Jasper’ is a tasty red cherry. See our article on avoiding blight with the right tomato.

Read more about choosing the right tomato variety.

2. Did You Provide Heat and Sunshine?

Tomatoes are heat-lovers. Be careful not to plant tomatoes in the ground too soon. Your soil temperature must be consistently over 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 18°C). Warm the soil with black plastic a couple of weeks before you intend to plant. If it’s still iffy, protect seedlings from the cold with sheets or row covers.

Tomates LOVE sunshine! A position in full sun (that means an average of at least six hours a day) gives the best results in most areas, though if you’re in a hot climate you can get away with dappled shade.

• If you are planting from seeds. If you are seeding yourself, it is critical to provide strong, direct light. (Note: If it’s after your frost date, it’s too late to sow tomatoes from seed. Buy transplants instead.) For seeding and young seedlings, northern gardeners should use grow lights 14 to 18 hours a day to provide an early boost and promote upright growth. Without enough light, your plants will be spindley and not have a good start to life. Learn how to start tomatoes from seed. 
   
• Planting seedlings or transplants in the ground. If your seedlings were grown indoors or in a greenhouse, do not just go outside and set them in the cool ground. Outdoor tomatoes will first need acclimatizing to outside conditions to avoid cold shock.If the plants have been inside a greenhouse, harden them off over a period of two weeks. Begin by leaving plants outside for just a couple of hours a day then gradually increase the length of time they spend outside, avoiding windy days. Bring plants under cover if temperatures threaten to drop below 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4°C). Plant outside only after all danger of frost has passed.

When planting in the ground, choose your sunniest spot with at least six hours of direct sunshine a day. For tomatoes, sunshine is like water and they’ll soak it up and produce more fruit! Also, make sure your tomatoes aren’t too crowded so the sunshine can reach their lower leaves. Plant seedlings (small plant) 30 to 48 inches apart, with rows set 48 inches apart.

3. Did You Provide The Right Growing Conditions?

• Add plenty of organic matter in advance of planting. Quality garden compost or well-rotted manure, applied lavishly, can supply enough nutrients to last the entire season, and will help with retaining moisture—a lifesaver during the heat of summer! Two weeks before planting your tomato plants outdoors, beef up that soil! Dig into soil about 1 foot deep and mix in aged manure or compost. 
• Tomato plants also need space – not only to reach their full potential, but to encourage a good flow of air between plants, which should help to reduce the threat of disease. In most cases, this means leaving at least two feet (60cm) between plants.
• Finally: Don’t plant tomatoes in a garden bed that’s grown the same plant family (for instance, potatoes, eggplants, or peppers) within the past two years.

4. Did You Plant Deeply and Provide Support?

Most plants need to be planted at the same depth they were growing at as a seedling or young plant. But not tomatoes! When you plant tomatoes, plant a little deeper than they come in the pot, all the way up to the bottom few leaves! Tomatoes root along their stems, so this trick helps them develop stronger roots. 

Tomatoes can be planted a lot deeper because they can produce new roots anywhere along their stems. By planting deeper, we can create sturdier, more resilient plants that are primed to thrive. Plant deep at every stage: when transferring seedlings into their own pots by sinking them right up to their lowest leaves, and again when planting them into their final growing spots. Don’t be afraid of dropping plants quite deeply into their planting hole—or removing a few low branches to do so. It feels counterintuitive, but you really will get superior plants because of it!

With leggy transplants, dig a trench and lay the stem sideways, bending gently upward. Snip or pinch off the lower branches and cover with soil up to the first set of leaves. This extra root growth will produce a stronger, more robust plant.

Planting deeply is one of the reasons why growbags and other shallow containers aren’t ideal—they may not offer enough support. If you are using growbags, be sure to buy bigger, well-filled bags; plant only one or two tomatoes per bag (depending on its volume), not the often-recommended three; and add an extra depth of potting mix using a special planting ring or by pushing in a wide pot with the bottom cut off it.

Tomato plants naturally sprawl. It’s one of the reasons they produce roots from their stems—it enables them to draw up more moisture and nutrients wherever they touch the soil to fuel growth. But fruits left in contact with the ground soon spoil, which is why we train them up off the ground.

A sturdy stake may suffice for determinate or bush types of tomato, which don’t grow so tall. But indeterminate or vine tomatoes need to be supported along their entire length, and usually need regular tying up, too. Use strong bamboo canes, garden twine stretched taut, or tall tomato cages to keep these plants fully supported.

See more about tomato plant supports.

5. Did You Mulch Your Tomatoes?

Don’t forget to add a blanket of mulch! It helps to conserve moisture (tomatoes love their water!) and keeps soil-borne disease spores from being splashed up onto the plants. There are many good mulches to choose from—shredded pine bark, straw, shredded leaves, grass clippings, composted leaves, or even a thick layer of newspaper. Oddly enough, red plastic has been found to increase fruiting of tomatoes by 12 to 20%. Read our Mulching Guide for more information.

6. Did You Remove Leaves and Suckers?

“To pinch or not to pinch?” is a debated question. All tomatoes have suckers or side shoots that form between the main stalk and the side branches during the early growth of their plants (the crotch joint). 

• You definitely do not want to pinch determinate (bush) varieties or you will have only a few fruit clusters. Since determinates bear fruit only on the ends of their branches, never clip them off, or you won’t get any fruit at all!
• However, most gardeners do pinch indeterminate tomatoes (the type that keep growing). You can pinch out the side-shoots or suckers when they are young and tender. The best time is first thing in the morning when the plant is turgid. Just snap them off with your fingers. 

The pros to pinching: Most gardeners pinch weekly, letting one or two suckers grow, so each becomes a leader with leaves, flowers, and fruit of its own. Some experts, like Mel Bartholomew (who invented “Square Foot Gardening”), remove all suckers. Many sources emphasize pinching of lower suckers and the oldest leaves from the bottom of the stem. This reduces fungus problems because the leaves are usually shaded by the rest of the plant and nearest to the soil. Spraying weekly with compost tea also seems to help prevent fungal disease. Learn more about compost tea.

The cons to pinching: Pinched plants have larger tomatoes and bear earlier, but they also have fewer tomatoes overall. Over-pruning can cause sunscald—a yellow sunburned patch that eventually blisters. Unpruned plants yield about twice as much fruit as pruned ones do, but it will take longer for the fruit to ripen. Pruning also affects flavor. The more foliage a plant has, the more photosynthesis is taking place, which produces more sugars in the fruit. The excess foliage shades the fruit and insulates it from summer heat, making it ripen more slowly and improving the taste.

Bottom-line: Experiment. Of course, if the foliage on your plants is so thick that no fresh air can reach the center of the plant, it definitely needs to be pinched. If your indeterminates are reaching for the stars, you can also top them above the highest blossoms to keep them in bounds and encourage green fruit to ripen.

7. Did You Water Consistently?

Watering is one area where getting it right counts! Juicy tomato plants need 1 to 2 inches of water per week. But not all at once. Aim for consistent moisture as plants are establishing and then, once they begin to set fruit, let the soil or potting mix just-about dry out between waterings. It’s okay for the foliage to show early signs of wilting before watering, but don’t push it too far.

Inconsistent watering—seesawing between dust-dry then sodden soil—encourages water to rush into the ripening fruits, causing them to split. Water-stressed plants remove calcium from the fruit and send it to the shoots to keep the plant growing. Along with uneven moisture, excessive nitrogen and high soil acidity contribute to blossom-end rot, a very common tomato problem.

The best time to water is in the morning, when plants are at their most receptive to moisture. Water deeply. A soaker hose is an efficient solution; just position the hose in the garden and pile mulch up and over the hose.

8. Did You Feed Them Well?

The tastiest tomatoes are gleaned from plants that have access to all the nutrients they need.

Besides prepping the soil with organic matter (compost), most gardeners also apply a slow-release organic fertilizer to the soil at planting time, or apply regular liquid feeds using a product specifically formulated for tomatoes (which often has extra calcium). 

We all have little secrets up our sleeves, too, for giving tomatoes a boost!

• One gardener I know adds a handful of bonemeal to the soil (which adds phosphorus and calcium). Note: pH testing is important because if your soil has a pH of 7 or higher, bone meal will be relatively ineffective. Bone meal with high nitrogen soil additives can also help balance out high nitrogen fertilizers like rotted manure.
• Another gardener crushes up eggshells and adds them in and around your planting holes for added calcium and to avoid blossom end-rot. (See more about this below.)
• Another popular trick is to add a pinch of Epsom salts to the soil. Added early in the season, Epson salts can increase germination, early root and cell development, photosynthesis, plant growth, and also prevent blossom-end rot.
• Some folks side-dress the plants a dose of liquid seaweed or fish emulsion or feed their tomatoes compost tea to keep heavy-feeding tomato plants happy. Soak one part organic compost in one part water, let sit for 24 hours, filter the “tea,” and use to nourish plants. 

Just stay away from high nitrogen fertilizers unless your plants have yellowing leaves. Too much nitrogen will cause lush foliage growth but give you little or no fruit. If the leaves on your plant are purple, they are calling for more phosphorus. This is the most important nutrient for fruit production.

 

9. Did You Defend Against Disease?

• Blossom-end rot is a common complaint typically caused by a lack of calcium in the fruit. Often, though, the simple cause of blossom-end rot is irregular watering, which makes it harder for the plants to absorb all the nutrients they need. To boost the calcium content of your soil, consider using eggshells, which are full of calcium. First, sterilize the shells by popping them into a warm oven for 20 minutes, or microwave on full power for two minutes. Crush them up, then add them in and around your planting holes. Shells take a while to break down, but you can speed this along by grinding them up to increase the surface area, or even dissolving the grounds in water to water on at planting time. Aim for about two eggshells per plant.

• Blight is a far more serious threat. This disease can lay waste to an entire crop within days. Good airflow will help reduce problems, as will watering at the base of plants to avoid wetting the leaves. Many gardeners even remove the lowest leaves specifically to improve airflow and minimize splashback when watering. Laying a mulch of clean, dry organic matter such as straw can also reduce splashback. If blight is always a problem in your area, then you may find you can only successfully grow tomatoes in a greenhouse or under other protection.

• Then there are the tomato hornworms! They can strip foliage with ruthless efficiency. They’re also annoyingly good at camouflage! Do what you can to pick them off as you come across them, or deal with them once and for all by heading out at night with a blacklight or UV light, which will show them up as clear as day—or rather, clearer than day!

Pro Tip: Defend against disease with aspirin! This little pill stimulates an immune response. Dissolve roughly 600 mg of aspirin for each gallon of water then spray it on your plants. They’ll think they are under attack and will up their defences for the remainder of their lives, making them less susceptible to real attacks, including blight! Not only that, but spraying aspirin onto your tomatoes is said to improve their taste and even their vitamin C content. It will even make plants more tolerant of drought and cold.

As you grow your tomatoes, you may run into some other problems. Tomatoes will attract pest and disease but if you keep your eye out for them, you can avoid many problems. Learn more about tomato diseases and disorders. And also see how to think ahead and troubleshoot tomato problems.

10. Did You Harvest and Store For Maximum Flavor?

Harvesting tomatoes is an art in itself. You can harvest once the tomato is red and gives slightly to the touch. Don’t wait until it’s soft! Or you can actually harvest earlier when the tomato is half green and half pinkish-red (called the breaker stage) and ripen off the vine with no loss of flavor, quality, or nutrition.

• If you harvest a vine-ripe tomato, pick in the afternoon if you can. The warmth of the sun will have developed all those rich aromas, and if you’ve watered in the morning, the fruits will have had time to really concentrate that flavor.
• If you harvest earlier at the breaker stage, this could lighten the fruit load on the plant and reduce the chance of cracked fruit. This may be helpful in areas with extreme heat. Tomatoes held at cooler temperatures will ripen slower if you don’t want to harvest (and eat) too many at the same time. You can speed up or slow down the process by raising the temperature to an optimum eighty-five degrees or lowering to a minimum of fifty degrees.

Don’t store tomatoes in the refrigerator—that’ll just kill the flavor. At room temperature, tomatoes will keep for 4 to 7 days. Partially ripened tomatoes should not be refrigerated either; refrigeration stops the ripening process. Keep them on the countertop and aim to eat, cook, or process them within the next few days!

Video: See Simple Steps to Growing Masses of Tomatoes

Here is the Almanac’s complete Tomato Growing Guide for everything you need to know about planting, growing, and harvesting tomatoes!