__________ play occurs when preschoolers learn to take turns and share.

Do you know how my 5th grade teacher taught us the planets? She sang it to us. When her former students would come back and visit, she would always ask if they remembered the order of the planets. And they’d all end up singing it back to her. Imagine these big high school juniors and seniors singing in the middle of a 5th grade class?!

And even now, when I say the order of planets, the melody plays in my head. It stuck with me. Because I learned it through play.

The best way to learn anything is through play. Children can not only learn about science, math and engineering through play, but they can also learn important social skills while playing. Children can learn about problem solving, advocating for themselves, decision-making skills, working in groups, sharing and resolving conflicts.

As children develop and grow, so does their way of playing. Mildred Parten did some great work observing youngsters at play, and developed the stages of social play for children. Let’s take a brief look at how social play develops and changes over time for children. There are six stages of social play and it starts at birth.

1. Unoccupied play

I know this can be hard to believe, but play starts at birth. You know those random movements that Infants make with no clear purpose? This is actually the beginning of play.

2. Solitary play

This stage, which starts in infancy and is common in toddlers, is when children start to play on their own. When engaged in solitary play, children do not seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby during this type of play. Just because it starts in infancy and toddlerhood doesn’t mean it needs to stop. All age groups can (and should!) have some time for independent, solitary play.

3. Onlooker play

Onlooker play happens most frequently during the toddler years, but can happen at any age. This stage is when children watch others play. The child who is looking at the others who are playing may ask questions of other children, but there is no effort to join the play. This may happen when a child is shy, or unsure of the rules, or is hesitant to join the game.

4. Parallel play

Parallel play is usually found with toddlers, although it happens in any age group. Parallel play starts when children begins to play side-by-side with other children without any interaction. Even though it seems like they are not interacting, they are paying attention to each other. This is the beginning of the desire to be with other children. This stage really starts to lay the groundwork for the more complex social stages of play.

5. Associative play

At around three to four years of age, they eventually become more interested in the other children rather than the toys. At some point, a child will start interacting more with the other child they are playing with; this is called associative play. They start asking questions and talking about the toys and what they are making. This is the beginning of understanding how to get along with others. During associative play, children within the group have similar goals (for example: building a tower out of blocks). However, they don’t set rules and there’s no formal organization.

6. Social play

Children will really begin to socialize starting around three or four. They begin to share ideas and toys, and follow established rules and guidelines. They play shop and figure out who will play what role. They can work together to build something or maybe play a simple game together. This is really where a child learns and practices social skills, like cooperating, being flexible, taking turns, and solving problems.

As children proceed in the stages of play, their play becomes more complex and involves more and more interacting with others. For children to practice social skills like cooperating, compromising and problem solving, the best way to do that is to let them play. They’ll remember the rhythms and melodies of social interactions much more smoothly if we allow them the time and space to play.

Here’s a free printable about the social stages of play that you can download (plus 5 more free printables) for you!

What is play and why are the different types of play and stages so important for a child’s overall development?

What is Play?

Play is the medium through which children explore and experience their world.

A child’s overall physical, emotional, cognitive and social development depends on play.

For a child, playing and learning are the same thing. Everything kids learn in the preschool years, they learn through play.

Some characteristics of play:

• Play is intrinsically motivated and spontaneous
• It is focused on the process rather than the product
• Play is carried out as if the activity were “real” and driven by imagination
• It is mostly free of externally imposed rules
• It is done merely for enjoyment

Children learn to understand the world and how it works through play. Their experience of reality is reflected through play.

During play children are:

• Thinking
• Solving problems
• Developing memory
• Planning and investigating
• Developing language skills
• Concentrating
• And learning many more skills…

How Many Types of Play are There?

What are the characteristics and types of play in children?

It is difficult to say the exact number as there are many types of play that have been identified by various child development theorists.

A distinction can be made, however, between stages of play and types of play.

The stages of play are based on the level of social interaction during play (such as solitary or social play) or on the main characteristic of play (such as symbolic play or play that involves games with rules).

The types of play are based on the specific type of activity involved such as language play or constructive play).

There are roughly 3-5 general stages of play that have been identified, but many more types of play. These are all explained below.

All types of play are important and, although children progress naturally through stages, they tend to add and integrate some types of play, rather than stop one type and start a new type.

Types of Play in Early Childhood

Here is an overview of all the stages and types of play in child development, according to the theorists.

Solitary Play

Mildred Parten identified four main social stages of play – solitary, parallel, associative and cooperative play

During the first stage, known as solitary play (or non-social play), children play with toys on their own and do not notice or concern themselves with other children or what they are doing.  

Parallel Play

When children engage in parallel play (Parten’s second stage of play), they may play with similar toys such as building blocks, but they are playing next to each other rather than together.

They are not interacting but are happy to be playing near another child.

Children also engage in onlooker play, where they watch the other child play but do not join in or play themselves.

Associative Play

During associative play (Parten’s third stage of play), a pair or small group of children play together, but with little cooperation and negotiation.

They share toys but are each playing their own game and not working towards a shared goal.

Cooperative Play

Cooperative play (Parten’s fourth stage of play) may include a game with rules or a shared goal, such as building a tower together. Children plan, negotiate and assign roles as they play.

Practice Play

Jean Piaget identified three stages of play – practice play, symbolic play and games with rules.

Practice play is about exploring materials and toys to “see what they do.” It involves simple, repetitive movements, sometimes also without toys.

Some theorists also refer to unoccupied play, which tends to be comprised of random movements without a clear purpose, although it is still a part of play.

Symbolic Play

Piaget’s second stage of play, called Symbolic play, is when children use an object, action or idea to represent something.

They could use a block, for example, to pretend they are on a telephone call.

Games with Rules

The last stage of play according to Piaget is more structured and requires following rules and norms to reach a goal when playing alone or with a group.

Sara Smilansky’s four stages are similar to Piaget’s stages above – functional (similar to practice play), constructive, dramatic (similar to symbolic play) and games with rules (same).

Constructive Play

Smilansky described constructive play as the stage in which children manipulate objects in order to create something.

Examples would be stacking blocks, building a fort or making a machine with cardboard boxes.

The following types of play were noted by various theorists, depending on the angle from which they studied play. These categories are based on the characteristics of the play or on how they develop the child.

Ritual Play

This is the rhythmic repeating of sounds or words. Young children do it purely for enjoyment and often use exaggerated body movements.

Language Play

This kind of play involves making up nonsense words and rhyming words. It starts before a child learns to converse.

Fantasy Play

Also known as pretend play, dramatic play or make-believe play, this is the highest form of play and involves “acting out” ideas using objects and carrying out roles.

An example of fantasy/pretend play would be dressing up and pretending to be firemen or playing shop.

Symbolic play, where objects are used to represent things, is also a type of fantasy play.

Sensory-Stimulating Play

Sensory play involves stimulating the senses and experiencing sounds, rhythms, tastes, textures, smells, colours, shapes and movements.

Babies, for example, want to touch everything or place objects in their mouths.

Investigative (Exploratory) Play

At this stage, the child wants to see what happens when materials are manipulated. An example would be moving on from tasting blocks to stacking them (as they move through the stages of block play) and seeing what happens.

Competitive Play

This refers to games with rules and rituals. Children’s play becomes more structured at this stage and may involve multiple players.

Physical (Motor) Play

This refers to play that is purely physical in nature, such as skipping, climbing a jungle gym or riding a tricycle.

Expressive (Creative) Play

Expressive play is about creating art, music or even writing to express one’s creativity.

Why is Play Important for Your Child’s Development?

The role of parenting is to set the stage for your child’s holistic development. The best way to do this is to encourage and make opportunities for regular play.

There are benefits of different types of play in early childhood and parents can, therefore, encourage a variety of play experiences as well as different types of play materials.

Play develops the whole child. There are four main areas of development:

• Physical
• Cognitive (Intellectual)
• Emotional
• Social

Through play, each of these areas are stimulated and developed right from birth and through the early childhood years.

Here is an overview of how your child grows and develops through play.

Physical

Physical activity is important for developing motor skills and when a child plays it is often physical. Play develops a child’s sensorimotor skills and allows a release of energy too. The following areas are developed through play:

Cognitive

Play is responsible for building a child’s intellectual ability. Through play children learn:

Emotional

Emotional development is as important as physical or intellectual development. Children gain emotional intelligence through play and learn about themselves and their feelings. Play usually is a positive experience, through which a child learns:

• Self-confidence
• Trust
• Expressing feelings in a healthy way
• Understanding his positive and negative emotions
• Self-control
• Competence (through success at play)
• Facing conflicts and fears

Social

Play is a social activity and the main way children pick up social skills and learn to interact with their parents, families and peers. Children learn about:

• Appropriate social norms
• Cooperation – sharing and taking turns
• Conflict resolution
• Empathy and sympathy
• Leading and following
• Social language skills
• Rules and responsibilities
• Participating in a group
• Respecting others’ possessions

Examples of Play During the First 9 Years

Here is a brief table showing typical play during the various stages of childhood. They are rough guidelines and may vary slightly from child to child.

Babies

• Oral activities – breastfeed and make other lip movements
• Make and listen to sounds
• Play with breath and saliva
• Do mouth exercises
• Play with body parts, mother’s hair, buttons, etc.
• Play games such as “Where are you? There you are!”
• Play with objects

Toddlers

• Imitate their mother
• Explore their own and their mother’s body
• Start playing hide-and-seek games
• Pick up and drop, stack and bash down, fill and empty
• Experiment with movement
• Start fantasy play e.g. with stuffed animals

3-Year-Olds

• Collect objects
• Engage in sensorimotor activities
• Imitate affection that is modelled in the family, towards people and objects
• Show some aggression in play e.g. imitating a superhero (fantasy becomes reality)
• Play games about disappearing and reappearing
• May follow a play ritual for security e.g. building a puzzle when dropped off at school each day
• Roleplay (e.g. pretending to be a parent or an animal)

4-Year-Olds

• Express aggression through games (e.g. superheroes, chasing monster games, hiding from “bad” guys)
• Play hide-and-seek and hiding/burying games
• Have a better understanding of fantasy and reality (e.g. pretends to be a bear or plays with a toy bear, does not think he is one)
• Fantasy play includes broader topics outside the home and family e.g. the fire station
• Doctor-nurse type games arise from body curiosity
• Male and female gender roles are emphasized in play
• Socialize more with others
• Love to dress up
• Test physical skills in games

5-Year-Olds

• Often play games referred to above, or begin playing games with rules
• Engage in fantasy play, but with a clear understanding of fantasy and reality
• Act out stressful situations or feelings of anxiety through play
• Roleplay becomes more intricate and can also be carried out through puppet shows or staged stories
• A fascination with romance begins through chasing girls/boys or acting out weddings or fairy tales

6-9-Year-Olds

• Fantasy play can continue past the age of 9 but is more elaborate and the same plot may continue over several days
• Play can be gory and dramatic
• Need frequent physical play and have boundless energy
• More advanced play such as skating or ball games – can participate in team sports
• Romance is joked about
• Themes such as bravery, injuries and attractiveness emerge in play

Parents’ and Teachers’ Role in Play

Often, an adult’s role in children’s playtime is just to be present. At other times, it is to intervene and provide opportunities or support learning through play.

When young toddlers play they will often feel more secure knowing their parent is nearby. As they grow older, they will rely on a teacher’s presence at school and later on will not need this security anymore.

Here are some tips for parents on how they can best support their child through play:

• Ensure age-appropriate activities

• Allow sufficient time for play every day, indoors and especially outdoors

• Set up a safe environment in order to minimize constantly saying “no”

• create a positive learning environment at home

• Verbalize what the child is doing to promote language development. “That’s a cool ramp you made. Now the cars can drive up into the garage!”

• Only expect children over 3 to share toys

• Allow children to enjoy the process rather than tell them what to do (e.g. build their own tower and draw their own picture).

• Ask frequent questions to promote problem-solving

• Allow children to explore freely and get dirty during play

• Provide stimulating educational toys and equipment

• Provide clothes and accessories for dress-up play but let your child play when they choose and do not interfere in the game

• Focus on the enjoyment of the game, not only on winning

• Introduce some new games and activities and teach the rules

• Play games that teach mathematical skills, early reading skills, etc.

How You Can Teach Your Preschooler through Play

The wonderful thing about play is you can be engaged in any play activity whatsoever and your child will be learning multiple skills. For example:

• Sing a nursery rhyme and your child will be developing listening skills, auditory perception, rhythm, speaking skills, pre-reading skills, etc.
• Make some playdough and your child will be learning mathematical skills (measurement), fine motor control, creativity, problem-solving, etc.

If your child is already attending preschool, the time they are at home with you is still a time of major learning. Children don’t stop learning when they get home.

You can take advantage of that fact.

Source:

De Witt, M. 2016. The young child in context: A psycho-social perspective. Second edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Hendrick, H. 1990. Total Learning: Developmental Curriculum for the Young Child. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company: New York.

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