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MUSIC OUTLINE
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An important part of the activities of humankind since the beginning of recorded history.�
Today music plays a vital and important role in the lives of human beings.�
It is found everywhere in our world.�
One more stimulus in the vast ocean of stimuli gathered by our senses daily.
Humans use music for many purposes:
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Personal entertainment�
Contemplative activities.�
Relaxation.�
Stimulation.Music has the power to influence psychological aspects of behavior both consciously and unconsciously
- Transmission and Reception of Sound
Three requirements for sound to "occur" in an environment:
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A vibrating source to initiate sound�
A medium to transmit sound vibrations throughout the environment - such as air or water.�
A receiver to hear or record sound vibrations.Many varieties of vibrating sources in the World:
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Vocal cords�
A membrane of animal hide or synthetic material�
A stretched string that is plucked or bowed�
Objects such as wood, stone, clay, metal and glass that are struck�
Rattling of beads in a small enclosure,�
Clapping of hands, singing of birds,grunts and groans of animals�
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Splitting of an air stream�
Small pieces of reed attached to a tube and set in motion by the action of human breath�
Many, many other natural vibrating sources.�
Sound may also be produced artificially by electronic synthesisMusic Elements
Notation
Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Texture
Form
Dynamics
Timbre
NOTATION
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Written on paper, so that the music may be performed again and again.�
Music notation system�
Enjoyment and understanding of most music is not dependent upon the ability to read and interpret written music notation.
MELODY - (Line, Space)
Melody�
A succession of single tones or pitches that are perceived to be unified.Characteristics of Melody:
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Pitch�The highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency (rate of vibration)�
Interval�The distance and relationship between two pitches.�
Range�The distance between the lowest and highest tones of a melody, an instrument, or a voice. (narrow, medium or wide)�
Shape�The direction a melody takes as it turns upward or downward, or remains static.�
Phrase�As in language, a unit of meaning within a larger structure; thus, a melody may be divided into component phrases.�
Cadence�A resting place in a musical phrase-musical punctuation.�
Countermelody�An accompanying melody playing against the principal melody.RHYTHM - (Rhythm, Pattern, Repetition, Time)
Rhythm�
The element of time in music.Characteristics of Rhythm:
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Beat�Regular pulsation; a basic unit of length in musical time.�
Accent�Emphasis on a note, so that it is louder or longer than another.�
Tempo�The rate of speed or pace of the musical pulse. (grave, largo, adagio, andante, allegro, vivace)�
Measure�A rhythmic group or unit that contains a fixed number of beats, divided on the musical staff by bar lines.�
Meter�The grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures.�
Upbeat�The last beat of a measure, a weak beat, which anticipates the downbeat, the first beat of the next measure.�
Downbeat�The first beat of a measure, the strongest in any meter.�
Polyrhythmic - The simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters.
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Nonmetric�Music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter.HARMONY - (Balance)
Harmony �
The simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords.Characteristics of Harmony:
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Chord � Simultaneous combination of tones (typically three or more) that constitute a single block of harmony.�
Scale � A series of tones or pitches in ascending or descending order.�
Tonality � The principal of organizing a work around a central tonic, or home pitch, based on a major or minor scale.- Tonic
- Diatonic
- Chromatic
TEXTURE - (Texture)
Texture
�The interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and harmonic elements in the musical fabric.Generally described as:
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Monophonic one voice/part presents a single melody.�
Heterophonic: Two or more voices/parts elaborate on the same melody simultaneously.�
Homophonic: principle melody and accompanying harmony.�
Polyphonic: two or more melodies combine into a multi-voiced texture.FORM - (Shape, Form)
Form�
The structure or shape of a musical work, based on repetition, contrast, and variation; the organizing principle of music.Characteristics of Form:
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Repetition�Within a form, repetition fixes the material in our mind and satisfies our need for the familiar; it provides unity to a form. (Pattern)�
Contrast�Within a form, contrast sustains our interest and feeds our love of change. (Variety)�
Variation�A principle in which some aspects of the music are altered but still recognizable.Repetition
, variation, and contrast are the foundational procedures on which music composition rests.�
Theme�A melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a composition. There are a variety of ways to create thematic development (motive, sequence, ostinato).
- Motive�A small, thematic fragment that constitutes a melodic-rhythmic unit.
- Sequence�A restatement of an idea at a higher or lower pitch level.
- Ostinato�A short musical pattern � melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic- that is repeated persistently throughout a work or major section of a composition.
In this example, a short (four-note) descending pattern in the bass is heard throughout under the voices.
DYNAMICS - (Emphasis, Subordination, Value)
Dynamics�
Designations for the relative loudness or quietness of music.�
Pianissimo, Piano, Mezzo-piano, Forte, Fortissimo�
Crescendo�The dynamic effect of gradually growing louder�
Decrescendo�The dynamic effect of gradually growing softer.�
Sforzando �A sudden stress or accent on a single note or chord.
TIMBRE - (Color)
Timbre�
The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another. Also called "tone color."Characteristics of Timbre:
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Voices�The standard voice types are: (female) soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto; (male) tenor, baritone, and bass.�
String family�Two types of instruments: bowed and plucked. (Violin, viola, cello, bass, harp and guitar)�
Woodwind family�Instruments where breath is used to produce sound across a reed or hole. (Flute, piccolo, clarinet, bassoon, oboe, bass clarinet and saxophone).�
Brass family�Trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba.� Percussion family�Instruments that are played by striking their surface. (Drums, xylophone, chimes, triangle, etc�)
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Keyboards�Instruments that are played by pressing keys that cause a hammer to strike a taught string. (Piano, harpsichord, and synthesizers).�
Ensembles�Musical performing groups (instrumental, vocal and mixed)