RESIDENTIAL STREET IMPROVEMENTSCosts for residential street improvements vary greatly due to local code requirements for different materials, street types and layouts, and utilities. The following costs are averages including ordinary charges for engineering, plans and inspection. Costs include contractors' overhead and profit but not developers,' which is realized when each lot or house is sold. They do not include extensive environmental impact reports, special charges (impact or entitlement) or assessments sometimes levied against the subdivider such as annexation charges, or costs of new or existing trunk sewers. They assume that the utilities are at or near the subdivision boundary with no special connection problems or costs. Single-lot unit costs, industrial access streets or individual cul-de-sac developments can run 30% to 70% higher. Do not apply these factors to large parking lot paving. Show
LIGHTING AND PUBLIC UTILITIES Water, gas and electric costs vary considerably with local requirements and codes. Often all or a portion of the initial cost, maintenance and replacement is included in an assessment or increased utility rate charged to the consumer. Sometimes an additional charge is made in remote or hilly areas for special service or additional equipment. These requirements should be checked locally. The average costs below are approximate maximum costs for a typical subdivision, all or part of which may be borne by the community or secured against the property. Some of these costs may be refundable to the developer. Specific pipe costs can be found in Section 62. For general site clearing and grading, see Section 51. For septic tanks, see Section 53.
Catch basins$1,050 to $1,200 plus $235 to $285 per foot of depth. *The cost of complete double-loaded street improvements with the components indicated above totals $280.00 to $335.00 per linear foot of street in ordinary level subdivisions, or from $180.00 to $235.00 per front foot of lot, including side street allowance. Costs may run twice as much for extreme hillside conditions. YARD IMPROVEMENTS PAVING - DECKING Typical costs per square foot, except as otherwise specified. For paved areas
between 500 and 1,000 square feet, deduct 10%; 1,000 to 3,000 square feet, deduct 20%. Over 3,000 square feet, use Subdivision costs. Small separate pours of 100 square feet or less may run 25% higher. Hand mixed and spread could cost 75% more.
RAISED PATIO DECKS Typical cost ranges per square foot of deck area, including supports. For custom installations with complex shapes, built-in planters and seats can run 50% to 100% more.
PATIO ROOF
PATIO ENCLOSURES Typical cost ranges per linear foot of wall, 84" high, including one exterior door. Use high end of range for insulated panels or knee walls. Add for roof above.
YARD IMPROVEMENTS SURFACE PARKING LOTS The following are based on a cost per space and average area per space including asphalt paving, concrete aprons, striping, some lighting, landscaping and drainage. Older lots, sized for large cars, or lots designed for much in and out traffic tend toward the higher areas per space, while newer lots sized for smaller cars, or lots designed for maximum employee parking tend toward the lower end of the range. Costs will vary depending on the extent of grading, paving, lighting and other amenities required. Open lot costs will vary significantly by size and amenities. Add only those components that apply and which can be mixed by quality. Reduce costs by 5% for every 100 cars over 200. For example, a small retail lot for 15 cars will be at the high end of the scale, while a 500-car lot will be at the low end minus 15%. Apply proportional costs to additional paved areas beyond the typical area per space.
PARKING LOT EQUIPMENT
PARKING LOT IMPROVEMENTS
FLAGPOLES Costs are for tapered aluminum flagpoles, including concrete foundation, base, external halyard, aluminum ball and installation.
BRIDGES The following square foot costs are national averages derived from numerous bids and contracts. The costs were trended to the present date and converted to the national base by the Local Multipliers. The high and low 5% of the cases in each category were then discarded to arrive at the reasonable high and low figures listed. The medians are derived from the total number of cases in each category.
Note: Bridge costs can vary significantly depending on the type of construction, attachment and height, span and size of deck. Skyways have varying requirements for H.V.A.C., lighting, sprinklers, enclosure and roof construction. See Section 15. RAILROAD SPURS Average costs per linear foot for a 500-foot spur. Costs include rails, ties, ballast, spikes and alignment. Low-end costs represent rail replacement or installing used rails. Costs of turnouts are an additive to the rail cost. Add 2% for each 100 feet of track under 500 feet.
YARD IMPROVEMENTS QUANTITY DEDUCTIONS For large installations of fencing or walls, such as industrial or subdivision uses, farms and highways, deduct the following:
CHAIN LINK FENCES Average cost per linear foot of galvanized steel fence, including complete installation on 2" round or "H" posts set in concrete, 10' on centers. Rails, barbed wire and gates are given as additives to the base costs. Gates are priced on a per-gate basis.
SECURITY GATE TURNSTILES
METAL FENCES, RAILING AND GRILLS
KENNEL RUNS
MASONRY WALLS (Cost ranges per square foot, including normal foundations.)
CONCRETE RAIL FENCES
BALUSTRADING
TRASH ENCLOSURES
CONCRETE EQUIPMENT PADS
YARD IMPROVEMENTS WOOD FENCES
FARM AND RANCH FENCING
VINYL FENCES
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
SCOREBOARDS The costs per square foot of face are for electronic scoreboards hung or mounted flush on gymnasium walls without extra structure or foundation. See Section 64 for pole costs and Section 56 for extra signage.
For four-faced scoreboards, add 5% to 15% to the single-face costs and apply to the area of all sides. SOFT MODULAR PLAY SYSTEMS Modular play systems are found in fast food chains, retail stores and pay-per-play amusement centers. Generally they consist of a padded tube frame, net walls, padded floors and a variety of playing components. The following costs are typical cost ranges for most common systems and include assembly.
YARD IMPROVEMENTS RESIDENTIAL SWIMMING POOLS Costs are averages for gunite pools constructed in frost-free areas with normal soil conditions. Costs include filter, concrete coping, one light, steps, ladder and a maximum depth of 9 feet. Add or deduct 2% for each foot of deviation from the maximum. Custom free-form pools may run 50% to 100% more. A negative edge rim will add 10% to 20% to the costs. For lap pools, enter table using the perimeter. Costs do not include heaters (see table to the right). See Pages 2 and 8 for decking, waterscape, gazebos, etc. Typical decking will add 20% to 50% (double for spa only or custom pools) to the basic pool cost. Vinyl-lined are in-ground, sand-supported pools.
SPAS AND HOT TUBS
ABOVEGROUND POOLS The costs are for residential, ground-level, metal framed, round, plastic-lined pools including filter and pump. See Page 2 for decking.
AQUATIC EXERCISE POOLS The costs are averages for 8' x 18' residential, fiberglass, stationary lap or aquatic exercise pools, with a 5-HP paddlewheel propulsion system, pump, filter and electric heater. See Page 4 for decking. (For pool jets only, deduct 15% - 25%.)
SOLAR POOL AND SPA HEATING EQUIPMENT The following are average installed costs for complete solar pool heating systems, per panel. Costs include collectors, valves, racks for flat mounting and up to 200 feet of PVC solar-loop piping. The systems utilize the existing pool pump and filter.
YARD IMPROVEMENTS POOL HEATERS Costs are averages of installed costs for gas or electric pool heaters. Costs do not include a base or pad. Heat pump systems cost $3,150 to $4,550 each. Small electric spa heaters (5 to 10 kw) cost $525 to $650 each.
COMMERCIAL SWIMMING POOLS The large recreational pools found in parks, schools, hotels, etc., vary widely in finish, structure and equipment, but the following costs will give a good approximation. Costs are for poured concrete and stainless steel pools and include chlorinators, filters, heaters, boards, ladders and coping. The finest-quality, poured concrete, Olympic competition or municipal pools may run 100% above listed costs. Decks and bath houses should be computed separately.
STAINLESS STEEL POOLS
Portable handicapped access step platforms with railing and grab bars cost $1,700 to $3,150 plus $1,125 for deck storage locker. For water parks and slides, see Section 67. SMALL COMMERCIAL POOLS AND SPAS Motel pools, in areas where codes permit use of residential-type construction and equipment, cost $32.50 to $48.00 per square foot including filters, boards, heater and chlorinator. For apartments and motels, separate whirlpool baths for four to ten persons, cost $5,250 to $14,000, exclusive of decks. LARGE MUNICIPAL POOLS Large municipal pools with bath houses, lighting, fences, decks and all the other features in the complete complex will cost $1,700 to $2,650 per person of rated capacity. Note: For Natatoriums, Shower and Restroom Buildings, see Section 18. COMMERCIAL PONDS Concrete ponds used for fountain displays and for wading, including filters. Typical depth is 2' to 4'. Use the low end of the range for commercial bumper boat ponds.
FOUNTAINS Following are average costs for indoor or outdoor decorative water displays, consisting of circulating water with various spray designs and lighting. Costs include nozzles, spray rings, jets, pumps, drain, overflow system, water-supply system, submerged lighting and wiring, control panel and wind control where needed. Pool is not included; see pond or conventional pool costs. Costs vary greatly due to display size, water flow rate, (commercial, 70 to 1,000 gallons in motion) and complexity of the spray design.
AERATORS Aerators pull oxygen-deficient water from depths of ponds and lakes and propel it as small droplets in the air to improve water quality. They help to remove algae without the use of chemicals or herbicides. Costs include floating unit, propeller pump, basic control box, 100' power cable and installation. Add 15% for three-phase equipment.
YARD IMPROVEMENTS LANDSCAPING The square foot costs below are to be applied to the entire landscaped area and are used when actual unit pricing is not feasible. Costs for new landscaping will vary greatly due to the number of variables involved. The cost ranges include soil preparation and some postinstallation maintenance commensurate with the quality, excluding extremes. LOW-COST areas have a minimum number of 1- to 5-gallon shrubs, small trees and ground- cover plants proportioned for a light visual effect, manual irrigation and seeded lawn. AVERAGE-COST areas include an average number of 3- to 5-gallon shrubs, small to large trees, closer spacing of small ground-cover plants, automatic irrigation and seeded lawn. HIGH-COST areas will have a high visual content of 5- to 15-gallon shrubs, a greater proportion of large trees, closely spaced groundcover with top dressing, automatic irrigation, seeded lawn and sodded turf areas. For pathway costs, see golf course unit costs in Section 67.
WATERSCAPING The square foot costs apply to the entire waterscaped area and include excavation, rockscapes and all recirculation equipment. Add appropriate liner costs for lakes and streams.
LAWN SPRINKLERS Costs per square foot, completely installed, including trenching and backfill. Intricate shrub-type strip areas may be twice as high as conventional systems. For automatic controllers add $95.00 to $130.00 per station.
UNIT COSTS
BENCH AND PICNIC UNITS
YARD IMPROVEMENTS PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT
BARBECUES
DEMOLITION Costs presented are average costs of removal per square foot of total building floor area, except as noted, including loading and hauling, but not dump fees. It is also assumed that the materials have no salvage value. For individual unit costs, see next page. Costs for removal vary greatly depending on the size and complexity of the job and extent of contamination regarding hazardous materials. The following cost ranges are in some cases based on one or only a few removal projects and should be considered as very rough guides. Due to the number of variables involved, we would suggest that, wherever possible, survey, bid or contract costs be obtained. BUILDING DEMOLITION
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL REMOVAL RADON REMOVAL: Residential basement ventilation retrofit costs $625 - $950 for a passive exhaust pipe ventilation system plus $210 - $340 for active fan and alarm.
SITE DECONTAMINATION: Biological soil remediation costs have averaged $70 per cu. yd. for land treatment (tilled soil-conditioning farming), $120 per cu. yd. for bioventing vapor extraction (air stripping and soil treatment) to $195 per cu. yd. for full bioreactor treatment (active slurry-aeration mixing), with costs having varied plus or minus 50%. SEISMIC RETROFITTING EARTHQUAKE (HURRICANE) REINFORCEMENT: Complete foundation anchorage retrofit for small (approximately 1,000- to 1,500-square-foot) raised-floor residences costs $2,150 to $4,250.
DEMOLITION UNIT COSTS These costs are of necessity very general and do not include hauling or dumping charges. Individual small jobs may involve a trade minimum that can run from $55 to $315. For detailed costs, we would recommend using our repair and claims products. For complete building demolition, see previous page.
MISCELLANEOUS HOUSE LIFTING (elevated above flood plain): Costs $5,250 - $9,750 for raised floor to $13,750 - $23,250 for slab on grade residences. Add $5,750 - $11,500 for fill foundation, $11,500 - $19,000 for full-story raised substructure. HOUSE MOVING (excluding new foundations or utilities): Costs $8,000 - $14,500 for a one-story residence (approximately 1,000 to 2,000 square feet), and $6,500 - $11,000 for a two-story residence (ground floor area of 500 to 1,000 square feet) up to a 5-mile distance. For masonry structures, add 35% to 50%. How much does it cost to make a road?The cost of building a road ranges from $1.25 to $15 per square foot, depending on if it's gravel, asphalt, or concrete. Careful planning and budgeting go into building a road to ensure it meets local code, holds up to traffic and weather, and lasts for decades to come.
How much does subdivision cost Qld?The estimated cost for the entire subdivision process, including infrastructure charges, statutory fees, civil works, and consultants is usually between $70,000–$90,000* based on some general rules of thumb.
How much is road construction Philippines?A private road can cost anywhere from $1.25 to $15 per square foot to construct.
How much does it cost to build a road in Australia?road class remains the most significant factor explaining average project costs—average costs of urban and rural freeways/highways were around $5.4 million per lane kilometre, while average costs of rural arterials were around $3.8 million per lane kilometre.
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Cost to build a subdivision road per foot
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