In 15,000 years prior to the industrial revolution, how many things did not change significantly?

• Jackson Liberty High School
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Watch the You Tube video: Crash Course #32 - Coal, Steam & the Industrial Revolution. Answer the questions below based upon what you viewed. Feel free to scroll back and watch portions of the 11 minute video as it is presented in a very fast (and humorous) pace. Questions: 1) Why was the Industrial Revolution the most "revolutionary" of all revolutions? Site examples 2) In 15,000 years prior to the Industrial Revolution, how many things did not change significantly? 3) How many things that we have or do today have come as a result of the Industrial Revolution? 4) Explain how the percentage of the population engaged in farming changed during the Industrial Revolution. 5) What does the Industrial Revolution mean? 6) Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? 7) What was the original function/purpose of Newcomen's steam engine? What did Watt's engine make possible? 8) Why did the Industrial Revolution occur in Great Britain first? 9) Why didn't India need to industrialize? 10) How did India cotton actually help/aid in the development of British industrialization?

The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a great effect on the economic and cultural conditions in the United Kingdom, and then spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

Although the Industrial Revolution occurred around the same time as the French, American, Latin American, and Haitian Revolutions, the Industrial Revolution was really the most revolutionary of the bunch. Its start marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Before the Industrial Revolution, not much changed about the way we disposed of waste or located drinking water or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very closed to the land that provided their food. Except for a few exceptions, life expectancy never rose above 35. Education was a privilege not a right. In all these millennia, we had never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simon Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence.

Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the U.S. less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming.
Because of the Industrial Revolution, you have electricity, you have blueberries in February, you live somewhere other than a farm, you drive a car, you get 12 years of free formal education... Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap water - all thanks to the Industrial Revolution.

In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry, spurring technological advantages. Britain's textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.

In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, which dramatically increased the speed of weaving (doubled the work a weaver could do in a day) ➡️ a demand for yarn ➡️ inventions like the Spinning Jenny (invented by James Hargreaves, allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time).
These machines were operated by hand until Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, instead used the water-power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels... Now, mechanized using water power
Soon, features of the spinning jenny and the water frame combined when Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule. Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines.
Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. Was run by water-power and sped up weaving.
Steam engine came along, made flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas Newcomen, cleared water out of mines ➡️ more coal to power more steam engines ➡️ the fancying up of the Newcomen Steam Engine by James Watt ➡️ railroads, steamboats & ever-more efficient cotton mills
Lead foundries powered by coal ➡️ lead production rising dramatically right around 1750 in Britain ➡️ lead-lined chambers ➡️ sulfuric acid created in large quantities, used to bleach the cloth - for the first time chemicals other than stale urine were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore
England's cotton came from plantations in the American South in the 1790s. Removing seeds from the raw cotton by hand was hard work. American inventor named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned. American cotton production production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

All these changes in industrial organization and new technology came together➡more cotton that could be cleaned faster than ever before, more yarn made that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before➡️increased production, efficiency, and profits

The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products (such as coal and iron). As a result, canals were widened and deepened to allow more boats to pass. Robert Fulton made the first steam-powered engine to power a steamboat, and in 1807 he demonstrated its use by going from New York City to Albany via the Hudson River. His steamboat was able to carry raw materials across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid 1800's. The roads also improved immensely during this time period. Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made "macadam" road surfaces which consisted of crushed rock in thin layers. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. Soon after, roads across America were improved based on these techniques. The closest to trains were horses, commonly used to pull freight cars along rails. In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam locomotive. These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to be moved more efficiently.

The water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom were bulky and expensive machines. They took the world of spinning and weaving out of the house. Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories.

For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities. The growth of the factory system - manufacturing goods in a central location - brought waves of jobseekers to figure and towns. Between 1800 and 1850, the number of European cities boasting more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47. Most of Europe's urban areas at least doubled in population. This period was one of urbanization - city building and the movement of people to cities. Some cities, such as Glasgow and Berlin, tripled or even quadrupled in size.
Factories developed in clusters because entrepreneurs built them near sources of energy.
Britain's capital, London, was the country's most important city. It's population exploded, provided a vast labor pool and market for new industry. Newer cities challenged London's industrial leadership.

1. Poor city dwellers: because no plans, sanitary codes, or building regulations controlled the rampant growth of English cities, the poor lacked adequate housing and many were forced to live in dark, filthy, overcrowded slums under very unhealthy and unsafe conditions.
2. Factory workers: because factory owners wanted to keep their machines running for as many hours a day as possible, workers were forced to work long hours for starvation wages, often under dangerous and unhealthy conditions; later, working conditions and the standard of living improved.
3.Wealthy merchants, factory owners, shippers: they gained wealth and status in society and joined a growing middle class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and well-to-do farmers.
4. Children: as young as six began to work in factories with their families for long hours under brutal conditions; child labor laws later brought some reforms.
5. Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers: they enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.
6. Large landowners and aristocrats : because some factory owners, merchants, and investment bankers grew wealthier, they lost some status, respect, and power but continued to look down on those who gained wealth in business.

Size of Cities:
-Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities
-Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size
-Factories developing near sources of energy
-Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industries

Living Conditions:
-No sanitary codes or building controls
-Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection
-Lack of running water and indoor plumbing
-Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums
-Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing

Working Conditions:
-Industrialization creating new jobs for workers
-Workers trying to keep pace with machines
-Factories dirty and unsanitary
-Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions
-Harsh and severe factory discipline
-Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Emerging Social Classes:
-Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants
-Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle class
-Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers
-Workers overworked and underpaid
-In general, a rising standard of living, with some groups excluded

Laissez faire = the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. That policy favors a free market unregulated by the government.

Adam Smith defended the idea of a free economy. According to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. Smith claimed that government need not interfere in the economy. He argued that if individuals freely followed their own self-interest the world would be an orderly and progressive place. After all, sellers made money by producing things that other people wanted to buy. Buyers spent money for the things they wanted most. In such a market place, Smith thought, social harmony would result without any government direction, "as if by individual hand." Smith's ideas were central to the development of capitalism.

Individual ownership and competition➡️
•Freedom, choice.
•You can work wherever, buy whatever, and pretty much do whatever.
•If you're successful, you can be very successful. Think Bill Gates, Papa John, Mark Zukerburg
•Everyone is selfish ➡️ benefits everyone (in theory)

What's bad about capitalism?
•No "safety net."
•If you're unsuccessful, you can be very unsuccessful. Think about the poor.
•Big gap between rich and poor.

•Adam Smith's capitalism dominated the IR- Led to bad working conditions.
•Karl Marx said that with capitalism, the workers would get fed up and overthrow their governments and start communism. He wrote about communism as solution to capitalism's problems - better wages & working conditions.
Problem: Human nature doesn't work well with capitalism. Power corrupts. (Now, are people in charge. Temptation is there, access to $ ... You take it.)
Pay you all the same regardless whether work gets done or not➡️laziness, work not done

French reformers such as Charles Fourier, Saint-Simon, and others sought to offset the effects of industrialization with a new kind of economic system called socialism. In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Socialism is the stage between Capitalism and Communism. It builds upon the previous system (Capitalism) by nationalizing the "means of production" (i.e. corporations, resources, banks, etc.), but not by making everyone equal. People are paid wages based on several factors (social need, difficulty, amount of schooling required, etc.), so not everyone will make the same wage.

Socialists argued that the government should actively plan the economy rather than depending on free-market capitalism to do the job. They argued that government control of factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality. Public ownership, they believed, would help the workers, who were at the mercy of greedy employers.

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