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Study guide for nutrition exam 3 at Washington State University, Bethany Marshall
Terms in this set (98)
The lipid that makes up the most lipids in our body is:
Triglyceride
This is an important component of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer by orienting the water-soluble portion towards the water environment.
Phospholipid
The majority of _____ is located in the cell membranes, but is also part of myelin, the insulating coating on nerve cells.
Cholesterol
_____, when consumed in the diet, can help reduce blood cholesterol levels.
Plant sterols
The phospholipid lecithin is used to synthesize:
Acetylcholine
_____ is needed in the body to make vitamin D, bile acids, and cortisol.
Cholesterol
Which of the
following is characteristic of essential fatty acids?
A. Cholesterol is an example of an essential fatty acid
B. All omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids
C. The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body's need
D. They are metabolized at an extremely high rate as compared to other compounds
The body cannot make these at all or insufficient quantities to meet the body's needs
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the:
Small intestine
Particles formed in the small intestines when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile are:
Micelles
Lipids that are consumed in the diet are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. From here, all of the following molecules, with the exception of ____, are not soluble in water, are are thus packaged for transport.
Small fatty acids
After long-chain fatty acids have been absorbed into the mucosal cells, they are re-assembled into:
Triglycerides
Which of the following are absorbed without digestion?
A. Fat-solube vitamins
B. Long-chain fatty acids
C.
Phospholipids
D. Triglycerides
Fat-soluble vitamins
An enzyme that digests lipids:
Lipase
Bile is:
A. produced by the liver
B. Stored in the gallbladder
C. Released in the small intestine
D. All of these
Produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released in the small intestines
Which of the following is not a component of lipoprotein?
A. Bile
B. Cholesterol
C. Phospholipids
D. Protein
Bile
Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries in the small intestines, they pass into the:
Lymph
HDL's:
return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to the liver
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in the chylomicrons into:
Fatty acids and glycerol
The remains of chylomicrons:
travel to the liver to be disassembled
Which two lipoproteins deliver triglycerides to body cells?
Chylomicrons and VLDL
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of protein?
HDL
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol?
LDL
Which lipoprotein has the highest proportion of triglyceride?
Chylomicron
Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and returns it to the liver?
HDL
High levels of ____ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart diseases
HDL
Which of
the following is not a function of lipids in the body?
A. Absorption of water-soluble vitamins
B. Insulation from changes in temperature
C. Source of energy
D. Structural component of cell membranes
Absorption of water-soluble vitamins
The typical American diet has a ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids that is:
higher in the amounts of omega-6 versus omega-3 fatty acids for optimal health
Which of the following statements is false about omega-3 fatty acids?
A. Fish is a good food source
B. High amounts in the diet help lower blood pressure
C. High amounts in the diet increase inflammation
D. Walnuts, canola oil, and flaxseed are good food sources
High amounts in the diet in cream inflammation
The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids impacts the production of which hormone-like molecule that helps regulates blood clotting?
Eicosanoids
Adipose tissue is the best described as:
Stored triglycerides
Fates of triglycerides include all of the following except:
A. Source of immediate energy
B. Storage in adipose
tissue
C. Source of energy between meals
D. Conversion to muscle tissue
Source of immediate energy
If there is not enough carbohydrate available in cells to allow the acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle, it will be used to make _____.
Ketones
Research indicates that the initiation of atherosclerosis may be related to
all of the following except:
A. Elevated blood levels of glucose
B. Infection
C. Low blood pressure
D. Smoking
Low blood pressure
_____ is the body mass attributed to non-fat body components, such as bone, muscle, and internal organs
Lean body mass
William has a BMI of 26.5 kg/m2. He would be classified as:
Overweight
_____ measures an electric current traveling through the body and is used to determine body composition.
Bioelectrical impedance
Which of the following is NOT a method of determining body composition?
A. Air displacement in the BOD POD
B. Bioelectric impedance
C. Body mass index
D. Skinfold thickness
measures
Body mass index
The desire to consume specific foods is called
Appetite
Which of the following characteristics regarding energy balance is FALSE?
A. The more food that is put in front of people, the more they eat
B. The location and proximity of fast-food or quick-service restaurants has no effect on the BMI of
individuals who live in those communities
C. Pre-packaged, convenience type foods are typically higher in fat and calories than foods prepared at home
The location and proximity of fast-food or quick-service restaurants has no effect on the BMI of individuals who live in those communities
For most people, the majority of their total energy expenditures is from their
Basal metabolism
In general, non-exercise activity thermogenesis varies ____ between adult individuaks
Tremendously
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Mary, a sedentary college student, must plan her food intake carefully, so it doesn't exceed energy expenditure.
B. Tim, a long-distance runner, can burn more calories for physical activity than for basal
metabolism.
C. Joe, who has a high fat diet, will burn more calories to process his food than Deb who follows a lower fat diet.
D. All of these statements are true.
All of these statements are true
Which of the following would have an increased BMR?
a) Tim, who is recovering from surgery
b) Mary, who is pregnant with twins
c) Sally, who is 8 years old and is an avid swimmer
d) All of these
would have increased basal metabolic rates
All of these would have increased basal metabolic rates
Which of the following does NOT factor into calculating an individual's EER?
a) activity level
b) age
c) ethnicity
d) gender
Ethnicity
Research has found that the vast majority of variation in BMI is attributed to an individual's
Genetic makeup
Which of the following physiological signals isn't indicative of satiation?
a) Food in the stomach that causes the stomach to stretch
b) Increase in pH of the stomach from the pH of the food entering
c) Increase in blood glucose level
d) The presence of nutrients in the intestine
Increase in pH of the stomach from the pH of the food entering
Peptide YY ____ appetite and gherkin ____ appetite.
Decreases, increases
Gherlin is involved in ____ body weight regulation and leptin is involved with ____ body weight regulation
Short-term, long-term
Leptin is produced by
Adipocytes (fat cells)
According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, for those who need to lose weight or have lost weight and want to keep it off, ____ minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week is recommended
150
Which of the following is characteristic of a healthy weight loss diet?
a) Eating fewer than 1200 calories daily.
b) Losing 5 lbs a
week.
c) Promoting physical activity.
d) Limiting milk and other animal products.
Promoting physical activity
Which of the following common dieting methods would most likely promote long-term weight loss?
a) Exchange lists
b) Liquid formulas
c) Low-carbohydrate diets
d) Low-fat diets
Exchange lists
Which of the
following statements regarding weight loss drugs is FALSE?
a) Prescription, as well as over-the-counter weight loss drugs, are regulated by the FDA
b) Some of these drugs work by affecting brain neurotransmitters
c) Weight loss usually continues, even after you stop taking the drugs, as long has you have taken the drugs for 8 weeks
d) Some of these drugs work by decreasing fat absorption in the intestine
Weight loss usually continues, even after you stop taking the drugs, as long as you have taken the drugs for 8 weeks
Which of the following methods of weight-loss surgery would you expect would NOT receive medical reimbursement?
a) Adjustable gastric banding
b) Gastric bypass
c) Liposuction
d) Medical reimbursement is common for all of these surgeries
Liposuction
____ limits the amount of food that can be consumed
Adjustable gastric banding
The most common eating disorder is
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa but not of bulimia nervosa?
a) Dissatisfaction with body size
b) Food restriction
c) Loss of menstruation
d) Low esteem
Loss of menstruation
The typical age of onset of bulimia nervosa is
Adolescence/young adults
Which of the following is/are factors that contribute to eating disorders?
a) Low self-esteem and the need for self-control
b) Thin body ideal and an abundant food supply
c) Inherited personality traits
d) All of these can contribute to an eating
disorder
All of these can contribute to an eating disorder
Which of the following individuals would best meet the criteria for bariatric surgery?
a) Julia, a 52 year old woman with a BMI of 42 and high blood pressure
b) Mark, an 80 year old man with a BMI of 20 with congestive heart failure
c) Nancy, a 14 year old girl with Type 2 diabetes and a BMI of 34
d) Stan, a 35 year old alcoholic with hypertension and lactose
intolerance
Julia, a 52 year old woman with a BMI of 42 and high blood pressure
The amount of a particular vitamin in a food depends on all of the following EXCEPT
a) how much of the food is consumed.
b) how the food is cooked.
c) how the food is stored.
d) what is added to the food during processing.
How much of the food is consumed
If the diet is chronically low in fat-soluble vitamins, the bioavailability of which vitamins will be impacted the most?
Vitamins A and D
Which of the following is/are antioxidants?
a) Vitamin C.
b) Vitamin E.
c) Selenium.
d) All of these nutrients serve as antioxidants.
All of these nutrients serve as antioxidants
Which of the following vitamins must be included on the food label?
a) Niacin and thiamin
b) Riboflavin and iron
c) Vitamins A and C
d) Vitamins A and D
Vitamin A and C
The active ____ coenzyme is need to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
Thiamin
Which of the following statements regarding
thiamin is true?
a) Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to thiamin deficiency because thiamin absorption is decreased due to the effect the alcohol has the GI tract.
b) Beriberi is quite common in the U.S.
c) Increasing thiamin intake increases the body's ability to produce ATP.
d) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin toxicity.
Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to thiamin deficiency because thiamin
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pellagra?
a) dementia
b) dermatitis
c) diabetes
d) diarrhea
Diabetes
Niacin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid
Tryptophan
Vitamin ____ is important for amino acid synthesis and protein metabolism
B6
Vitamin B12 deficiency is particularly problematic because
It prevents folate from being converted to one of its active forms
Folate coenzymes are needed for the
synthesis of DNA and metabolism of some amino acids
When vitamin C intake is below 10 mg per day, the symptoms of ____ begin to appear
Scurvy
A family member has been taking vitamin C supplements, but is now wondering if he should continue to spend money on these supplements. What have you learned about vitamin C that might help them with an evidence-based decision?
Excessive supplementation can cause diarrhea and can interfere with drugs prescribed to slow blood clotting
The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include gums that swell and bleed. Why does this occur?
There is reduced collagen synthesis
The process whereby immature cells change in structure and function to become specialized cells is called
Cell differentiation
Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called
Rickets
Active ____ is required to maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels
Vitamin D
Vitamin E protects membranes in red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and lung cells. Why are these cells in particular in need of high amounts of vitamin E?
Oxygen concentrations in these cells are high
In its role as an antioxidant, ____ guards cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, and cholesterol, and thius helps prevent heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration, and other chronic diseases
Vitamin E
Witha severe deficiency of ____, even a bruise or small scratch could cause you to bleed to death
Vitamin K
The best way to ensure that you meet your nutrient needs without taking dietary supplements is to
Eat a variety of foods daily
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act accomplished what?
The defined the term dietary supplement AND created standards for labeling products.
Women of childbearing age should consume ____ daily from fortified foods or supplements
Folic acid
Weight-loss supplements that contains soluble fiber are proven to reduce weight. True or false?
False
Eating disorders commonly begin in adolescences. True or false?
True
Eating disorders can be fatal. True or false?
True
Women are more likely than men to have an eating disorder. True or false?
True
The major complications of binge-eating disorder are the health problems associated with obesity. True or false?
True
Athletes, both male and female, are at high risk for eating disorders. True or false?
True
Although men currently represent a small percentage of people with eating disorders, the numbers are still increasing. True or false?
True
Overweight and obesity is not on the rise in low-income and middle-income countries. True or false?
False
Obesity tends to be more common in rural versus urban settings. True or false?
False
Premature infants are at a higher risk of vitamin E deficiency than full-term babies. True or false?
True
Vitamin K is used more rapidly than other fat-soluble vitamins, so a constant supply is necessary. True or false?
True
To ensure normal blood clotting, newborn babies are typically given a vitamin K injection. True or false?
True
Dietary supplements provide energy, protein, minerals, and phytochemicals in addition to vitamins. True or false?
False
Smokers have higher vitamin C needs than nonsmoker. True or false?
True
The FDA approved the safety and effectiveness of supplements before they are marketed. True or false?
False
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