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Terms in this set (60)
The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using...
X-ray Diffraction
Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms or resemble compounds in living organisms are called...
a. organic compounds.
b. crystals.
c.
minerals.
d. atoms
a. Organic Compounds
When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to...
a. precipitate from the solution.
b. react with the solution and produce heat.
c. dissolve into the solution.
d. rapidly expand, causing an explosion
a. Precipitate from the solution
Natural glass is NOT considered a mineral because it...
a. is not produced by geologic processes.
b. is organic.
c. does not have a fixed crystalline structure.
d. can be made synthetically as well as be a naturally occurring substance
c. does not have a fixed crystalline structure.
Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
a. All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
b. All
minerals are naturally made.
c. Some minerals are precipitated by organisms.
d. All minerals can be expressed as chemical formulas
a. All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess...
a. an ability to be synthesized in the laboratory as well as be found in nature.
b. metallic
elements, such as iron, calcium, or magnesium.
c. a nonmetallic, vitreous luster.
d. a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)
d. a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)
Which of the following is NOT a mineral?
a. quartz
b. petroleum
c. diamond
d. gold
b. petroleum
Which of the following is NOT a way for minerals to crystallize?
a. solidification of a melt (lava or magma)
b. bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds
c. solid-state diffusion
d. Biomineralization
b. Bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds
Which of the following is a mineral?
a. granite
b. salt dissolved in water
c. lab-grown quartz
crystal
d. calcite
d. Calcite
Which of the following is a mineral?
a. petroleum (oil), a liquid
b. cubic zirconia (a synthetic diamond substitute)
c. ice (water in the solid state)
d. obsidian (volcanic glass)
c. Ice (water in the solid state)
The __________ class of minerals contains the anion S^c.
a.
oxides
b. sulfides
c. halides
d. sulfates
b. sulfides
The __________ class of minerals includes a substance commonly known as table salt.
a. oxides
b. halides
c. carbonates
d. silicates
b. halides
Which class of minerals is highly conductive because of metallic bonding?
a. native metals
b.
silicates
c. sulfides
d. carbonate
a. native metals
(not totally sure about this one, but the other 3 are all made out of non-metals so I'm educated guessing)
The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
a. magnesium
b. iron
c. oxygen
d. carbon
c. oxygen
The mineral olivine is in the __________ mineral class.
a. sulfate
b. silicate
c. carbonate
d. oxide
b. silicate
The framework silicates are the MOST complicated because...
a. they contain silica tetrahedra.
b. they form in flat layers.
c. they form as a crystal lattice.
d. all tetrahedral oxygens are shared
d. all tetrahedral oxygens are shared
Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of...
a. Chemistry, specifically the cations within the chemical formula.
b. Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.
c. Hardness; hard, soft, and medium are the three primary classes.
d. The number of cleavage directions present
b. Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.
The silicates are broken into several groups based on the way silica tetrahedra are...
a. Bonded to anions.
b. Arranged and bonded.
c. Bonded to iron atoms.
d. Arranged and charged
b. Arranged and bonded.
Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?
a. Silicates
b. Oxides
c. Carbonates
d. Sulfides
c. Carbonates
Potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is in which mineral class?
a. Silicates
b. Oxides
c. Carbonates
d. Sulfides
a. Silicates
Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class?
a. Silicates
b. Oxides
c. Carbonates
d. Sulfides
d. Sulfides
In which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?
a. Chain silicates
b. Framework silicates
c. Sheet silicates
d. Sharing of oxygen atoms does not occur in silicates
b. Framework silicates
The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed the....
a. Silicates.
b. Halides.
c. Carbonates.
d.
Oxides.
a. Silicates.
Which layer of Earth does NOT contain silicate minerals?
a. Oceanic crust
b. Outer core
c. Upper mantle
d. Continental crust
b. Outer core
A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock.
a. crystal
b. Mohs cavity
c. geode
d. precipitate
c. Geode
Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by...
a. solidification from a melt.
b. biomineralization.
c.diffusion in a solid.
d. precipitation from a gas
d. Precipitation from a gas
Which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?
a. gypsum
b. halite
c. feldspar
d. quartz
b. Halite
The mantle is composed almost entirely of the mineral class:
a. Silicates.
b. Halides.
c. Oxides.
d. Sulfates
a. Silicates
Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
a. galena
b. calcite
c. olivine
d. halite
c. Olivine
Which common rock-forming mineral shows up in all three major rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)?
a. diamond
b. olivine
c. quartz
d. kaolinite
c. Quartz
The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed...
a. color.
b. luster.
c. specific gravity.
d. streak.
d. Streak
Cleavage in minerals refers to...
a. A tendency to break in an irregular pattern.
b. A tendency to break along planes of weakness.
c. The sharpness of edges between crystal faces.
d. The development of well-formed crystal face
b. A tendency to break along planes of weakness.
Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed...
a. glassy fracture.
b. one-directional
cleavage.
c. conchoidal fracture.
d. obtuse fracture
c. Conchoidal fracture.
Which of the following common minerals is softest?
a. quartz
b. talc
c. calcite
d. fluorite
b. Talc
With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist...
a. melting.
b. reactivity to acid.
c. being
scratched.
d. malleability
c. Being scratched.
A mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is...
a. mass.
b. luster.
c. specific gravity.
d. streak
c. Specific gravity.
In a mineral specimen of quartz, what is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface? (on the test, this one will have a picture)
a. conchoidal fracture
b. cleavage plane
c. facet
d. striation
a. Conchoidal fracture
What mineral reacts with hydrochloric acid? (on the test, this one will have a picture)
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. halite
d. fluorite
b. Calcite
Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of the mineral.
a. color
b. luster
c. cleavage
d. streak
a. Color
Ore minerals, such as galena, tend to be different from typical minerals (such as quartz) in that they have a...
a. very dark color.
b. large specific gravity.
c. diamond-like crystal habit.
d. vitreous
luster
b. Large specific gravity
For most minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is...
a. only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain.
b. more variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals.
c. not useful because the porcelain will often chemically react with the mineral.
d. always dark brown or black.
a. Only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain.
Using Mohs hardness scale, which of the following statements is FALSE? (on the test, this one will have a picture)
a. A fingernail can scratch a sample of gypsum.
b. Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite.
c. Diamonds are more than seven times as hard as quartz.
d. Quartz cannot scratch anything made of diamond
b. Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite.
Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n)...
a. bed.
b. outcrop.
c. foliation.
d. pegmatite
b. Outcrop
Diamonds are usually found in...
a. pegmatite.
b. sandstone
c. kimberlite.
d. granite.
c. Kimberlite
A facet is a __________ on a gem.
a. polished surface
b. small impurity
c. cleavage plane
d. crystal face
a. Polished surface
Which of the following forms either by the cementing together of grains broken off preexisting rocks or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth's surface?
a. igneous rocks
b. metamorphic rocks
c. sedimentary rocks
d.
meteorites
c. Sedimentary rocks
The diamonds typically seen in engagement rings today do not display their natural crystal faces but rather __________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.
a. striations
b. cleavage planes
c. facets
d. facades
c. Facets
What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt?
a. igneous
b. sedimentary
c. metamorphic
d. biologic
a. Igneous
Which of the following is NOT a way in which specific rock types can be distinguished from one another?
a. texture
b. composition
c. crystal shape
d. layering
c. Crystal shape
What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting?
a. igneous rocks
b. metamorphic rocks
c. sedimentary rocks
d. meteorites
b. metamorphic rocks
Explain why a cubic zirconia is NOT a mineral.
Discussion Points include:
Qualifications of a mineral
Cubis Zirconia=manmade
Draw and label a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
Drawing points:
Triangular prism
4 Oxygen on the points
Why are minerals sometimes referred to as "the building blocks of Earth?
Discussion points:
Rocks
Layers of the Earth
Idk this seems pretty easy to make up on the spot
Some physical properties are more useful for identifying certain minerals than others. Explain how color can be useful to identify some minerals but not others. Be sure to use mineral examples in your answer.
Discussion Points:
Color can vary!
Quartz
Sulfur?
What are the ways a mineral can crystallize in nature? List and explain.
Discussion Points:
Anhedral vs. Euhedral
"seeds"
Facets move outwards
Describe some examples of minerals that can be harmful and the hazards they pose.
Discussion Points:
Quartz and feldspar - if pulverized, little pieces can be inhaled, causing silicosis
Pyrite - Arsenopyrite. Contains arsenic! Can dissolve into groundwater if the water is oxygen-bearing
Asbestos
What are cleavage and fracture? How are these physical properties similar? How are they different?
Discussion Points:
Cleavage - Distinct planar surfaces w/specific orientation to crystal structure
Fracture - No cleavage. Irregular or conchoidal
How are sedimentary rocks different from igneous rocks?
Discussion Points:
Igneous - Solidification of a melt (above or under the ground)
Sedimentary - cementing of grains OR precipitation of mineral from water (at or near earth's surface)
What is the definition of a rock?
Discussion Points:
A rock is....
COHERENT
NATURALLY occurring
SOLID
consisting of an AGGREGATE of MINERAL GRAINS (or made of GLASS)
What is a thin section and how are they used in geologic study?
Discussion Points:
Very thin slice glued to a glass slide
Petrographic microscope
Ability to see grains @ high magnification
Polarized light=different colored minerals
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