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Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent? a. industrial-organizational psychology b. developmental psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. personality psychology ____ 4. Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. Mr. Christian is most likely a. engaged in introspection. b. engaged in applied research. c. conducting basic research. d. a cognitive psychologist. e. using psychometrics. ____ 5. A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. a. social-cultural b. behavioral c. biological d. cognitive e. evolutionary ____ 6. Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires a. structuralism. b. massed practice. c. psychoanalysis. d. introspection. e. a biopsychosocial approach. ____ 7. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. clinical b. social c. biological d. developmental e. industrial-organizational ____ 8. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. evolutionary d. biological e. social-cultural ____ 9. Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates? a. The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences. b. The mind results from biological processes produced by neural transmissions. c. The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies. d. The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations. e. The mind is an illusion produced by the brain. ____ 10. In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of a. hereditary influences. b. evolutionary influences. c. learned behaviors. d. mental processes. e. unconscious motives. ____ 11. The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called a. spaced practice. b. clinical psychology. c. humanism. d. introspection. e. Gestalt psychology. ____ 12. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the a. disruptive effects of unconscious motives. b. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions. c. component elements of sensory experience. d. inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses. e. treatment of psychological disorders. ____ 13. While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, her strategy best reflects a. how knowledge transforms us. b. active processing of the material. c. the nature of psychology as a science. d. how we construct our perceptions. e. how psychology affects other disciplines. ____ 14. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? a. cognitive b. evolutionary c. psychodynamic d. social-cultural e. behavioral ____ 15. In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________. a. soul; body b. structuralism; functionalism c. stability; change d. introspection; observation e. nurture; nature ____ 16. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary e. social-cultural ____ 17. The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by a. Plato and René Descartes. b. Plato and Socrates. c. Aristotle and Socrates. d. Socrates and Confucius. e. John Locke and Francis Bacon. ____ 18. Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. industrial-organizational b. social c. biological d. clinical e. cognitive ____ 19. Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ approach. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. biopsychosocial d. psychodynamic e. humanistic ____ 20. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on a. unconscious conflicts. b. learned behaviors. c. brain chemistry. d. introspection. e. natural selection. ____ 21. Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the a. evolutionary perspective. b. use of psychometrics. c. advantage of applied research. d. role of empiricism in science. e. biopsychosocial approach. ____ 22. Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as a. natural selection. b. psychoanalysis. c. spaced practice. d. SQ3R. e. introspection. ____ 23. The biological perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by a. memory processes. b. environmental circumstances. c. unconscious conflicts. d. blood chemistry. e. subjective interpretations. ____ 24. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. industrial-organizational c. developmental d. personality e. social ____ 25. The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian a. philanthropist. b. chemist. c. politician. d. physician. e. theologian. ____ 26. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? a. cognitive b. social-cultural c. humanistic d. evolutionary e. behavioral ____ 27. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? a. behavioral b. humanistic c. evolutionary d. psychodynamic e. biological ____ 28. Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Mary Calkins e. John B. Watson ____ 29. Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. social-cultural d. humanistic e. cognitive ____ 30. The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of a. natural selection. b. cognition. c. observable responses. d. introspection. e. self-esteem. ____ 31. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. a. social-cultural b. cognitive c. evolutionary d. behavioral e. psychodynamic ____ 32. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of a. humanistic psychology. b. functionalism. c. structuralism. d. multiple levels of analysis. e. introspection. ____ 33. Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression. a. cognitive b. psychoanalytic c. behavioral d. biological e. psychodynamic ____ 34. Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? a. Charles Darwin b. William James c. Aristotle d. Plato e. John Locke ____ 35. The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by a. John Watson. b. John Locke. c. Charles Darwin. d. Wilhelm Wundt. e. B. F. Skinner. ____ 36. Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? a. industrial-organizational psychology b. cognitive psychology c. clinical psychology d. developmental psychology e. social psychology ____ 37. Clinical psychologists specialize in a. b. c. d. e. animal research. providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders. constructing surveys. treating patients in clinical settings. providing therapy to troubled people. ____ 38. Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection? a. Edward Titchener b. William James c. John B. Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt e. Sigmund Freud ____ 39. Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. biopsychosocial e. social-cultural ____ 40. Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature and nurture issue? a. Intelligence is purely an inborn trait. b. Children learn grammar mostly from experience. c. Humans are alike because of our evolutionary history. d. Sexual behaviors are more “pushed” by inner biology. e. Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought. ____ 41. Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. a. personality b. biological c. developmental d. cognitive e. social ____ 42. The method of introspection was used by Titchener to identify a. unconscious motives. b. elements of sensory experience. c. learned responses. d. maladaptive behaviors. e. inherited traits. ____ 43. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective. a. b. c. d. e. evolutionary behavioral biological cognitive psychodynamic ____ 44. Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive e. humanistic ____ 45. Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Jean Piaget c. John B. Watson d. Edward Titchener e. William James ____ 46. Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.? a. Margaret Washburn b. Rosalie Rayner c. Francis Bacon d. Jean Piaget e. Mary Calkins ____ 47. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. biopsychosocial d. structural e. behavioral ____ 48. Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. industrial-organizational b. personality c. developmental d. clinical e. social ____ 49. Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. evolutionary d. humanistic e. social-cultural ____ 50. Margaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, “Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic.” Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should a. reduce her experience in class to her immediate sensation and feelings. b. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness. c. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears. d. explore how her perceptions affect her ability to speak in class. e. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival. Which psychologist rejected introspection and redefined psychology?John B. Watson, and later B. F. Skinner, dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior.” After all, they said, science is rooted in observation: What you cannot observe and measure, you cannot scientifically study.
What psychologist rejected the value of introspection?Behaviorists dismissed the value of: Science. Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection? Sigmund Freud.
Which of the following is a criticism of introspection?Criticisms of Introspection
Even the most highly trained observers were not consistent in their responses. Introspection is limited in its use; complex subjects such as learning, personality, mental disorders, and development are difficult or even impossible to study with this technique.
Who used introspection?Thus, it was the method of primary importance to many philosophers—including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and Alexander Bain—as it was to the 19th-century pioneers of experimental psychology, especially Wilhelm Wundt, Oswald Külpe, and Edward Bradford Titchener.
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Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?
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