Which of these gaps in Medicare coverage

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Medigap insurance helps fill the gaps in Medicare coverage.
Premium Increases
Eligibility and Enrollment
Eligibility After Open Enrollment
Preexisting Illness Exclusion
Where the Gaps Are
Medigap vs. Medicaid vs. Managed Care

There are a number of ways to fill gaps in your Medicare coverage and/or to get assistance with Medicare costs:

Job-based insurance: If you or your spouse is still working, and you have insurance through that job, it may work with Medicare to cover your health care costs. You should find out whether your employer insurance is primary or secondary to Medicare. Primary insurance is health insurance that pays first on a claim for care. Secondary insurance pays after primary insurance—but may not pay at all in the absence of primary insurance.
Retiree insurance: Some employers provide health insurance to retirees and their spouses to fill in the gaps of Medicare coverage. Retiree insurance always pays secondary to Medicare.
Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits: If you are a veteran and qualify for VA benefits, health care and prescription drugs that you get through the VA may be the cheapest. The VA may also cover services that Medicare will not cover for you. VA benefits do not work with Medicare, and if you receive care outside of a VA facility you might need Medicare. Medicare does not pay for any care at a VA facility.
Supplemental insurance (Medigap): A Medigap policy provides insurance through a private insurance company and helps fill the cost-sharing gaps in Original Medicare, for instance by helping pay for Medicare deductibles, coinsurances, and copayments. Depending on where you live, you have up to 10 different Medigap plans to choose from: A, B, C, D, F, G, K, L, M, and N. (Note that plans in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Minnesota have different names.) Each type of Medigap offers a different set of benefits. Premiums vary, depending on the plan you choose and the company you buy it from.
Stand-alone Medicare private drug plan (Part D): If you have Original Medicare and want Medicare drug coverage, you need to sign up for a private drug plan (PDP). All Medicare drug plans have different costs and a different list of drugs that they cover (known as the formulary). Make sure the plan you choose covers the drugs you need at a cost you can afford. Also know that if you do not sign up for a Part D plan when you first become eligible, you may incur a premium penalty later on.
Medicare Advantage Plan: These plans contract with the federal government to provide Medicare benefits. They must provide at least the same set of benefits offered by Original Medicare, but may have different rules, costs, and restrictions. For instance, Medicare Advantage Plans may require that you see health care providers in their network, and/or that you get a referral from your doctor before seeing specialists. Some private health plans offer extra, Medicare-excluded benefits, such as vision or dental care. While premiums may be low, service costs may be higher than in Original Medicare for certain services (or vice-versa). You also may pay more for your care if you do not follow the plan rules. Medicare Advantage Plans must have annual limits on out-of-pocket costs. Although these limits are usually high, they should protect you from excessive costs if you need a lot of health care. Benefit packages may change every year, so it is important to review your current coverage and options annually.

There are also several programs for beneficiaries with limited incomes.

Medigap insurance helps fill the gaps in Medicare coverage.

About two-thirds of all Medicare recipients aged 65 or over buy medigap insurance -- insurance designed to pay the health care bills not covered by Medicare. The term medigap comes from the notion that these insurance policies are designed to cover the gaps in Medicare payments. Unfortunately, most medigap coverage is not nearly as complete as its advertising would lead you to believe.

Before you buy a medigap insurance policy, consider not only the services covered, but the amount of benefits and the monthly cost of the policy. Also pay attention to two other factors: how much premiums may rise in the years to come and, assuming you are willing to pay those premiums, whether you will be allowed to keep the policy.

Premium Increases

It is one thing to find insurance coverage you can afford today. It may be quite another to find a policy that you can still afford in later years when your income and assets have decreased and the policy premium has increased -- as it is sure to do. In choosing a Medigap policy, consider the terms on which the policy premiums will rise over time. If the current premium will be a significant strain on your financial resources, you may want to consider a less expensive policy.

Eligibility and Enrollment

If you enroll in Medicare Part B (which pays part of basic doctor and laboratory costs, while Part A pays for part of hospital or nursing home stays) when you turn 65, for the next six months federal law forbids insurance companies from denying you eligibility for medigap policies. This six-month period is called the open enrollment period.

If you do not enroll in Medicare Part B when you turn 65, you can sign up for it later, during the yearly general enrollment period -- January to March. You will then have a six-month open enrollment period for medigap policies beginning July 1 of that year.

If you did not sign up for Part B at age 65 because you were covered by an employment-related health insurance plan, you will have a six-month open enrollment period for medigap policies beginning the date your Part B coverage begins, regardless of when you sign up for it. (To learn more about Medicare Part A and Part B, read Nolo's article Medicare FAQ.)

Eligibility After Open Enrollment

If you try to buy a medigap policy after your open enrollment period has ended, the insurance company might not sell it to you. Insurance companies try to identify in advance people who are likely to collect a lot of benefits, and then refuse to insure them. They do this by asking to examine your medical records over the previous few years and refusing to sell you a policy if you have had a significant amount of medical treatment or you have a condition that is likely to require extensive treatment in the near future. Almost all insurance companies require such initial eligibility reviews -- sometimes called medical underwriting -- for plans that provide the most extensive benefits.

Preexisting Illness Exclusion

Many policies contain a provision excluding benefits for any illness or medical condition for which you received treatment within a given period before your coverage began.

Six months is a typical exclusion period. Usually, the shorter the exclusion period, the higher the premium. However, if you have a serious medical condition that may require costly medical treatment at any time, and you have been treated for it recently, consider a policy with a short exclusion period or none at all.

Where the Gaps Are

Listed below is what Medicare doesn't cover.

During a hospital stay, Medicare Part A does not pay:

the yearly deductible ($1,100 in 2010)
the coinsurance amount for each day you are hospitalized more than 60 days and up to 90 days for any one benefit period ($275 in 2010)
the coinsurance amount ($550 in 2010) for each day you are hospitalized more than 90 days and up to 150 days for any one benefit period past a 150-day hospitalization
anything past a 150-day hospitalization
the cost of three pints of blood, unless replaced, or
medical expenses during foreign travel.

During a stay in a skilled nursing facility, Medicare Part A does not pay:

the coinsurance amount for each day you are in the facility more than 20 days and up to 100 days for any one benefit period ($137.50 in 2010), or
anything for a stay of more than 100 days.

For home health care, Medicare Part A does not pay:

20% of the approved cost of durable medical equipment or approved non-skilled care, or
anything for nonmedical personal care services.

For doctors, clinics, laboratories, therapies, medical supplies, and equipment, Medicare Part B does not pay for:

the yearly deductible ($155 in 2010)
20% of the Medicare approved amount
15% above the Medicare approved amount if provider does not accept assignment
20% of the total charges for outpatient hospital services
preventive or routine examinations and testing
treatment that is not considered medically necessary
prescription medication
dental care
routine eye and hearing exams, or
glasses or hearing aids.

Medigap vs. Medicaid vs. Managed Care

Wondering whether you need medigap insurance at all? First, if your income is low, you may qualify to receive Medicaid or "Medicare Savings Programs" that will pay some of these costs for you, including the deductibles, premiums, and coinsurance amounts.

Second, if you're a fan of HMOs, consider a Medicare managed care plan, which will pay many of these costs for you, possibly at a slightly lower cost than many medigap policies. For more information, see Nolo's article Medicare Managed Care Plans: An Aternative to Medigap Insurance.

For more information on medigap insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and Medicare managed care plans, get Social Security, Medicare & Government Pensions: Get the Most Out of Your Retirement & Medical Benefits, by Joseph L. Matthews & Dorothy Matthews Berman (Nolo).