The tordesillas line was drawn to separate the colonial territories of what two european nations?

During the second half of the fifteenth century, a series of papal bulls granted the Portuguese a monopoly, to the detriment of Saracens or pagans, over lands that had been or were to be conquered. The Portuguese nevertheless had to pay attention to the rival pretentions of the Castilians, who also had ambitions of extending toward the south. The Treaty of Alcaçovas (September 4, 1479) allowed Castile to keep the Canaries, while Portugal received official recognition over the Azores and Cape Verde islands, and especially over the exclusive right of navigation, discovery, and trade beyond Guinea. This treaty, which was confirmed by a papal bull in 1481, established the principle of attributing an area outside of Europe to a single European country. Consequently, the only possible path of direct navigation toward Asia for the Spaniards was the western one taken by Christopher Columbus. In March 1493, before returning to Spain, the navigator touched land at Lisbon, where he was received by King John II of Portugal, who made it clear that he was claiming sovereignty over the lands that had just been discovered, on the basis of earlier papal bulls. Between the right of discovery for the Spaniards and papal engagement for the Portuguese, the Iberian powers were opposed to one another over legitimate ownership of new lands. The importance of this question pushed Pope Alexander VI to issue the Inter caetera bull (May 4, 1493). It granted the Catholic Monarchs, Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, "full and free power, authority, and jurisdiction" over the lands discovered or to be discovered that were located 100 leagues “towards the west and south” of the Azores and Cape Verde islands. This concession was accompanied by a “rigorous” ban “under penalty of excommunication” for any foreigner who tried to travel to these places without authorization. The line of demarcation was for the most part only an indication, and equalled two days of navigation from Portuguese possessions.

John II of Portugal consequently asked the Catholic Monarchs to directly negotiate the boundary of their Atlantic domains. The discussions culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas on June 7, 1494. The purpose of the agreement was to resolve the “controversy over what part belongs to each of the two parties of the space remaining to be discovered.” To this end, it was decided that a line “from pole to pole” would be drawn 370 leagues from the Cape Verde islands. The eastern part would be part of the Portuguese domain, and the western part that of the Spanish. Each would commit to not sending vessels to navigate in the partner's area, although an exemption allowed Spanish ships to cross the Portuguese domain in a “straight line” toward the West. The signatories also committed to not appeal to the pope's authority for support against the commitments of the treaty, but only to request its recognition, which was provided in 1506. It was really a matter of a diplomatic agreement about territorial division that indeed did not raise questions of evangelization.

The primary arrangement of the treaty was the establishing of the limit between the Spanish and Portuguese areas 270 leagues further west of the one fixed by the Inter caetera bull of 1493. The western shift of the demarcation line enabled the Spanish to exert their domination over a larger part of what they thought to be Asia. For the Portuguese, situating the line 370 leagues to the west of the Cape Verde islands allowed them to control the route to India going around the Cape of Good Hope. Moreover, even though there is no formal evidence, a number of indications suggest the possibility that the Portuguese already knew of the existence of land in the South Atlantic in 1493. The new agreement allowed them to guarantee sovereignty over what would become Brazil, which was officially discovered in 1500.

Although the arrangements in the Treaty of Tordesillas resolved Atlantic disagreements, they also fuelled other difficulties. In the early 1510s, the Portuguese set foot on the Moluccas archipelago, which was a clove producing area. The Spanish challenged their right to establish themselves there, considering that the Treaty of Tordesillas had divided the earth into two hemispheres, and that the archipelago was located in their part. The ensuing years saw skirmishes opposing the Portuguese and the Spanish over possession of the Moluccas, due to the impossibility of determining the anti-meridian corresponding to that of Tordesillas. The Moluccas dispute was finally resolved by the Treaty of Saragossa (April 22, 1529), signed by John III of Portugal and Charles V. It provided for the determination of a demarcation line passing 297.5 leagues east of the Moluccas, which were recognized as being Portuguese. In the end, the Portuguese hemisphere was approximately 187 degrees, and the Spanish one 173 degrees, a practically equal division into two demispheres.

The monopoly over discovery, navigation, and trade established in favour of the Iberian powers was challenged by France, England, and later by the Dutch Republic. They believed that the papal decisions were not binding, and that the treaty was a bilateral commitment applicable only to the signatories. Francis I took offence to the Iberian monopoly over unknown lands, and is said to have asked “to see the clause in Adam's will and testament that excludes me from sharing the world.” In the 1520s, he financed expeditions commanded by Giovanni da Verrazzano that also aimed to find a passage to Asia. Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Iberians reminded all of the ban forbidding foreigners from navigating in their respective domains. At the same time, however, the Spanish established themselves in the Philippines, which was in Portuguese territory according to the arrangements of the Treaty of Saragossa. The rivalry between states over discoveries, navigation, and trade in the Americas as well as Asia led to a controversy between partisans for the exclusivity of maritime domains, mare clausum, and those for the freedom of the seas, mare liberum. In 1609, in his Mare liberum (The Freedom of the Seas), the Dutchman Hugo Grotius defended the notion that the law of nature and of nations prohibited any appropriation of the high seas, which were considered to be the common property of all countries. It was only beginning in the 1640s that Spain and Portugal admitted the right of foreigners to navigate in what, for a time, they considered to be their part of the world.

The main regulation of the treaty was to establish the border between the Spanish and Portuguese territories 270 miles further west of that established by the Inter caetera Bull of 1493. The Western shift of the demarcation line allowed the Spanish to exercise their dominance over more of what they thought was Asia. For the Portuguese, the settlement of the line 370 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands allowed the route to India to control the Cape of Good Hope. Although there is no formal evidence, a number of clues indicate the possibility that the Portuguese knew about the existence of land in the South Atlantic as early as 1493. The new agreement allowed them to guarantee sovereignty over what would become Brazil, which was officially discovered in 1500. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed on 7 June 1494. Essentially, the decision of the bull was retained by Pope Alexander, but the demarcation line was moved a little to the west. To be precise, the line moved 370 miles west of Cape Verde, about 46 degrees 30` west. This meant that the line ran in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, roughly equidistant between the Cape Verde Islands and the West Indies, but it was an approximate and completely imaginary line, since cartographers of the time had no way of measuring longitude.

This meant that when the sailors were actually at sea, in practice, they could not say for sure whether they had crossed the line. Another complication was that the contract did not explicitly specify where the line ended. Did he travel around the world to the soon-to-be-discovered Pacific Ocean? The line also did not take into account practical geographical issues such as coasts, lakes or mountains, and certainly the local population and their own tribal or political boundaries were not taken into account at all. Treaties are agreements between and between nations. Treaties have been used to end wars, settle land disputes, and even establish new countries. The Treaty of Tordesillas was ratified in 1494 by the Crown of Castile and the King of Portugal. The treaty divided the newly discovered territories outside Europe into two equal halves, the eastern side belonging to Portugal and the west to Castile (later part of Spain). The Mariana Islands were on the Spanish side, giving Spain the right to colonize the Mariana Islands 174 years later, in 1668. Despite considerable ignorance of the geography of the so-called New World, Portugal and Spain largely complied with the treaty.

However, the other European powers did not sign the treaty and generally ignored it, especially those that became Protestant after the Reformation. Similarly, Indigenous nations have not recognized the treaty and, as the legal basis for the doctrine of discovery,[9] it has been a source of persistent tensions over land ownership until modern times, cited only in 2005 in the U.S. Supreme Court`s Case of Sherrill v. Oneida Nation. Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans, as it was divided only by the treaty. Castile gained land, including most of the Americas, which in 1494 had little proven wealth. The easternmost part of present-day Brazil was attributed to Portugal when Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there in 1500 on his way to India. Some historians claim that even before this time, the Portuguese knew about the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil, so its landing in Brazil was not a coincidence. [15] One researcher points out that Cabral landed on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees further south than the expected Cape São Roque, so “the probability that such a landing as a result of a weather cape or navigational errors was low; and it is very likely that Cabral was commissioned to study a coast whose existence was not only suspected, but already known. [16] Although the agreements reached on July 7 were adopted. June, because the lawyers had full powers, both sides decided to take a reasonable period of time to be ratified by the respective monarchs: 50 days for the African Treaty and 100 days for the Ocean Treaty, because it was necessary to wait to find out which Castilian ships were crossing the Atlantic, until June. 20th place.

The Catholic Monarchs ratified the treaty in Arévalo and Juan II in Setúbal. John II of Portugal then asked the Catholic Monarchs to negotiate directly the border of their Atlantic domains. The discussions culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas on 7 June 1494. The purpose of the agreement was to resolve the “controversy over which part belongs to each of the two parts of the space that remains to be discovered.” To this end, it was decided to draw a “pole-to-pole” line of 370 leagues from the Cape Verde Islands. The eastern part would be part of the Portuguese domain and the western part of the Spanish domain. Anyone who would undertake not to send ships to sail on the territory of the partner, although an exception allows Spanish ships to cross the Portuguese domain in a “straight line” to the west. The signatories also pledged not to turn to the pope`s authority for support against the treaty`s obligations, but only to seek its recognition, scheduled for 1506. It was really a diplomatic agreement on territorial division, which in fact did not raise any questions of evangelization. any area on Earth with one or more common characteristics. Regions are the basic units of geography.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas [tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðeˈziʎɐʃ];[ Note 1] Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas]), signed at Tordesillas, Spain on June 7, 1494 and certified at Setúbal, Portugal, divided newly discovered countries outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 miles [Note 2] west of the Cape Verde Islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the islands of Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands that Christopher Columbus had entered on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), called in the Treaty Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The treaty effectively thwarted the bulls of Alexander VI, but was later sanctioned by Pope Julius II by the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of January 24, 1506. [13] Although the treaty was negotiated without consulting the pope, some sources call the resulting line the “papal demarcation line.” [14] The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the claim that the treaty made the Spaniards (or Portuguese) all unknown lands south of the pole. [48] Portugal would have control of the eastern part and Castile of the western part. The treaty contained rights to territories that had already been discovered or were to be discovered, but limited to those that had not yet had a Christian government. Papal bulls threatened with excommunication those who refused to submit to their mandate. The papal bulls were not in favor of the Portuguese, who feared losing not only their ability to influence unknown lands, but also a shortcut to the spice islands. Portugal and Castile hoped to take control before the other.

After the Guarani War, the Treaty of Spain and Portugal was annulled in the Treaty of El Pardo (1761). The border was finally established in the first Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777, with Spain acquiring territories east of the Uruguay River and Portugal acquiring territories in the Amazon basin. Although the island of Santo Thome was not identified by the Treaty, its “Islas de las Velas” (Islands of sails) appear in a Spanish history of China from 1585, on Petrus Plancius` world map from 1594, on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the London edition of Linschoten of 1598 and on Petro Kærio`s world map of 1607. identified as a north-south chain of islands in the Pacific Northwest, also known as the “Islas de los Ladrones” (Thieves` Islands) during this period. [38] [39] [40] Its name was changed from Spain in 1667 to “Islas de las Marianas” (Mariana Islands), which also includes Guam at its southern end. Guam`s longitude of 144°45′E is east of the Moluccan longitude of 127°24′E to 17°21′, which is remarkably close to the 17° east of the Treaty by 16th century standards. This longitude crosses the eastern end of the main island of Hokkaidō, in northern Japan, and the eastern end of New Guinea, where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line. [41] Moriarty and Keistman set the demarcation line at 147°E by measuring 16.4° east of the western tip of New Guinea (or 17° east of 130°E). [42] Despite the treaty`s clear statement that the demarcation line extends 17° east of the Moluccas, some sources place the line east of the Moluccas.

[43] [44] [45] (1494) Agreement between Spain and Portugal on the sharing of the colonization rights of all countries outside Europe. Both spheres of influence had become truly global, but so had colonial competition. The Far East contained powerful states that were themselves interested in colonizing or controlling trade, states such as China, Japan, the Marathas in India, and the sultans of Malaysia. Even more dangerous were the European compatriots. The Netherlands, Britain and France had possessed powerful fleets in the last years of the 16th century, and they attacked and disrupted the carefully balanced Portuguese-Spanish status quo around the world during the 17th century and beyond. The Treaty of Tordesillas had become a worthless piece of parchment, and now it was ships, cannons, fortresses, and local armies that supported an empire, not diplomatic agreements and lines on maps. .