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From: Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting
Prerequisite
Requirements
Resource(s) & example(s)
1) Name it
Name the strategy, preferably using language that is consistent with existing literature.
Cochrane EPOC[25]
Mazza et al.[24]
Powell et al.[20]
2) Define it
Define the implementation strategy and any discrete components operationally
Abraham & Michie[38]
Powell et al.[20]
Michie et al.[26]
3) Specify it
a) The actor
Identify who enacts the strategy (e.g., administrators, payers, providers, patients/consumers, advocates, etc.).
Kauth et al.[39] describe the characteristics, qualifications, and roles of an external facilitator
b) The action
Use active verb statements to specify the specific actions, steps, or processes that need to be enacted.
Rapp et al.’s[40] operational definition of ‘leadership’
c) Action target
Specify targets according to conceptual models of implementation
Tabak et al.[41]
Damschroder et al.[42]
Identify unit of analysis for measuring implementation outcomes
Flottorp et al.[43]
Cane et al.[44]
Michie et al.[45]
Landsverk et al.[46]
Proctor et al.[47]
d) Temporality
Specify when the strategy is used
Magnabosco[21]
Chinman et al.[31]
Kilbourne et al.[33]
e) Dose
Specify dosage of implementation strategy
Atkins et al.[48] recorded frequency of support received by opinion leaders
f) Implementation outcome affected
Identify and measure the implementation outcome(s) likely to be affected by each strategy
Proctor et al.[47]
Proctor & Brownson[49]
Proctor et al.[50]
g) Justification
Provide empirical, theoretical, or pragmatic justification for the choice of implementation strategies.
Theoretical:
Eccles et al.[51]
Grol et al.[52]
Empirical:
Cochrane EPOC[53]
Grimshaw et al.[8]
Pragmatic:
Oxman et al.[54]
Wensing et al.[55] suggest brainstorming as a low-cost, low intensity method of linking strategies to identified barriers