What is the minimum urine output per hour nursing?

1. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2005;16(11):3365–3370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Carmichael P, Carmichael AR. Acute renal failure in the surgical setting. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 2003;73(3):144–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Ishani A, NDCB, et al. The magnitude of acute serum creatinine increase after cardiac surgery and the risk of chronic kidney disease, progression of kidney disease, and death. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2011;171(3):226–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality: A cohort analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996;275(19):1489–1494. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Klahr S, Miller SB. Acute oliguria. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;338(10):671–675. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Critical care (London, England) 2004;8(4):R204–R212. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute kidney injury network: Report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Critical Care. 2007;11 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Cruz DN, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Clinical review: RIFLE and AKIN--time for reappraisal. Critical Care. 2009;13(3):211. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Macedo E, Malhotra R, Bouchard J, et al. Oliguria is an early predictor of higher mortality in critically ill patients. Kidney international. 2011;80(7):760–767. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Critical Care Medicine. 2006;34(7):1913–1917. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Lassnigg A, Schmidlin D, Mouhieddine M, et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2004;15(6):1597–1605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Bagshaw SM, George C, Bellomo R, et al. A comparison of the RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2008;23(5):1569–1574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Haase M, Bellomo R, Matalanis G, et al. A comparison of the RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network classifications for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2009;138(6):1370–1376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Ostermann M. Acute kidney injury on admission to the intensive care unit: where to go from here? Critical Care. 2008;12(6):189. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Kheterpal S, Tremper KK, Englesbe MJ, et al. Predictors of postoperative acute renal failure after noncardiac surgery in patients with previously normal renal function. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(6):892–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Shusterman N, Strom BL, Murray TG, et al. Risk factors and outcome of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Clinical epidemiologic study. American Journal of Medicine. 1987;83(1):65–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Abelha FJ, Botelho M, Fernandes V, et al. Determinants of postoperative acute kidney injury. Critical Care. 2009;13(3) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Shaw A, Swaminathan M, Stafford-Smith M. Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Putting Together the Pieces of the Puzzle. Nephron Physiology. 2008;109(4):p55–p60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Parolari A, Pesce LL, Pacini D, et al. Risk factors for perioperative acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: role of perioperative management. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2012;93(2):584–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Venkataraman R, Kellum JA. Prevention of acute renal failure. Chest. 2007;131(1):300–308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Bauer M, George JE, Iii, Seif J, et al. Recent advances in epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology Research and Practice. 2012;2012 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Loredo JS, Nelesen R, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in normal adults. Sleep. 2004;27(6):1097–1103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Gutierrez G, Reines HD, Wulf-Gutierrez ME. Clinical review: Hemorrhagic shock. Critical Care. 2004;8(5):373–381. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Ameloot K, Gillebert C, Desie N, et al. Hypoperfusion, Shock States, and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS) Surgical Clinics of North America. 2012;92(2):207–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Critical Care Medicine. 2008;36(SUPPL. 4):S141–S145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Kinsey GR, Okusa MD. Pathogenesis of acute kidney injury: Foundation for clinical practice. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2011;58(2):291–301. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Diaz GC, Moitra V, Sladen RN. Hepatic and Renal Protection During Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology Clinics. 2008;26(3):565–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Wald R, Waikar SS, Liangos O, et al. Acute renal failure after endovascular vs open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2006;43(3):460–466. e462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Kodner CM, Kudrimoti A. Diagnosis and management of acute interstitial nephritis. American Family Physician. 2003;67(12):2527–2534. 2539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Tseng TY, Stoller ML. Obstructive Uropathy. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2009;25(3):437–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Konety BR, Allareddy V, Herr H. Complications after radical cystectomy: Analysis of populationbased data. Urology. 2006;68(1):58–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Shabsigh A, Korets R, Vora KC, et al. Defining Early Morbidity of Radical Cystectomy for Patients with Bladder Cancer Using a Standardized Reporting Methodology. European Urology. 2009;55(1):164–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Konety BR, Barbour S, Carroll PR. Urinary Diversion and Bladder Substitution. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, editors. Smith's General Urology. 17 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. [Google Scholar]

34. Brandes S, Coburn M, Armenakas N, et al. Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: An evidence-based analysis. BJU International. 2004;94(3):277–289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Palaniappa NC, Telem DA, Ranasinghe NE, et al. Incidence of iatrogenic ureteral injury after laparoscopic colectomy. Archives of Surgery. 2012;147(3):267–271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Van Mastrigt GAPG, Heijmans J, Severens JL, et al. Short-stay intensive care after coronary artery bypass surgery: Randomized clinical trial on safety and cost-effectiveness. Critical Care Medicine. 2006;34(1):65–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Maleux G, Koolen M, Heye S. Complications after endovascular aneurysm repair. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. 2009;26(1):3–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Schetz M, Bove T, Morelli A, et al. Prevention of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. International Journal of Artificial Organs. 2008;31(2):179–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonaryartery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348(1):5–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Marquez J, McCurry K, Severyn DA, et al. Ability of pulse power, esophageal Doppler, and arterial pulse pressure to estimate rapid changes in stroke volume in humans. Critical Care Medicine. 2008;36(11):3001–3007. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Lopes MR, Oliveira MA, Pereira VO, et al. Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Critical Care. 2007;11(5):R100. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Bouchard J, Soroko SB, Chertow GM, et al. Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney international. 2009;76(4):422–427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Annals of surgery. 2003;238(5):641–648. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Trof RJ, Sukul SP, Twisk JW, et al. Greater cardiac response of colloid than saline fluid loading in septic and non-septic critically ill patients with clinical hypovolaemia. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(4):697–701. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Groeneveld AB, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Update on the comparative safety of colloids: a systematic review of clinical studies. Annals of surgery. 2011;253(3):470–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, et al. Sodium bicarbonate to prevent increases in serum creatinine after cardiac surgery: a pilot double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine. 2009;37(1):39–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, et al. Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(2):315–322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Rudnick MR, Kesselheim A, Goldfarb S. Contrast-induced nephropathy: how it develops, how to prevent it. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2006;73(1):75–80. 83–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Navaneethan SD, Singh S, Appasamy S, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2009;53(4):617–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Nigwekar SU, Navaneethan SD, Parikh CR, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide for management of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2009;4(2):261–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, et al. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142(7):510–524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Tolwani A, Paganini E, Joannidis M, et al. Treatment of patients with cardiac surgery associatedacute kidney injury. International Journal of Artificial Organs. 2008;31(2):190–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Roth D, Rogers N, Greene T, et al. A More Accurate Method To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction Equation. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999;130(6):461–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Gibney N, Hoste E, Burdmann EA, et al. Timing of initiation and discontinuation of renal replacement therapy in AKI: Unanswered key questions. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2008;3(3):876–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Sykes E, Cosgrove JF. Acute renal failure and the critically ill surgical patient. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2007;89(1):22–29. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Oliguria, volume overload, and loop diuretics. Critical Care Medicine. 2008;36(4 Suppl):S172–S178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Nigwekar SU, Waikar SS. Diuretics in acute kidney injury. Seminars in Nephrology. 2011;31(6):523–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Palevsky PM. Indications and timing of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Critical Care Medicine. 2008;36(4 Suppl):S224–S228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Risk factors for development of postoperative AKI.

Preoperative factors
  • Preoperative renal dysfunction

  • Increasing age

  • Heart disease (ischemic or congestive)

  • Smoking

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • ASA PS 4 or 5

Intraoperative factors
  • Emergency surgery, or intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, suprainguinal vascular surgeries

  • Erythrocyte transfusion

  • Inotrope use

  • Aortic cross-clamp time

  • CPB: furosemide use, urine output, need for a new pump run

Postoperative factors
  • Erythrocyte transfusion

  • Vasoconstrictor use

  • Diuretic use

  • Antiarrhythmic drug use