What is the most logical reason why many children spell the word girl as Gril and the word Bird as Brid?

The true test of reading is whether a person can

answer questions about what she has read.

According to current theories, the reader's role is to

construct meaning by transacting with the text.

Which of the following is a top-down approach to reading?

teaching phonics after children have learned to read a number of words.

Which child will tend to make the heaviest use of context clues when learning to read?

one taught with a top-down approach.

The basic idea behind the standards movement is that once standards are in place

testing, instruction, and materials will be aligned with the standards.

According to Reading First legislation, the five key components of a scientific reading program are

phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension.

What is the most outstanding characteristic of highly effective teachers?

They believe their students can learn and act accordingly.

What is the zone of proximal development?

the difference between what a student can do on her own and what she can do with help.

Which of the following best describes how today's students are performing in reading?

The best students are doing better; the worst are doing worse.

Which of the following improved the attention of poor readers?

giving them books below grade level.

Which of the following is an example of functional instruction?

teaching the /s/ sound of c just before students read about Cynthia who spends 50 cents in the city.

Early intervention programs have demonstrated that

virtually all children can learn to read if given the right kind of instruction.

listing of goals and objectives or standards.

Evaluation should end with

making changes to improve the program.

Which of the following set of scores represents the student s instructional level?

95% word recognition, 75% comprehension.

Which of the following is a norm-references test?

an achievement test that yields percentile scores.

What is the main purpose of a miscue analysis?

to determine what reading strategies a student is using.

A running record is most like a

Which of the following is an example of functional level testing?

giving a poor reading fourth-grader a second-grade test.

The major problem with high stakes tests is that they

narrow the curriculum to what is tested.

On a miscue analysis, a high semantic similarity, low graphic similarity suggests that the student is

The best approach for assessing the difficulty level of materials is to

use both objective and subjective readability devices.

The contents of a portfolio should depend primarily upon

the goals of instruction.

According to the Commission on Reading, the single best way to prepare children for reading and writing is to

Children begin acquiring literacy

long before they start school.

Children's pretend reading should be encouraged because

helps them construct more advanced understandings about reading.

Which of the following concepts of print would you most likely teach first?

What we say can be written down.

Using big books is primarily an attempt to

introduce reading to children in a natural way.

Which stage would a student be in who spells name NAM?

The current emphasis in writing in kindergarten is on

exploration and expression

According to Savin and Elkonin, which of the following seems to be the most important prerequisite for learning conventional reading and writing?

Which of the following would generally be taught last?

identifying beginning consonants.

Which is the most logical reason why many children spell girl as GRIL and bird as BRID?

Young children should learn about literacy mostly through

being involved in reading and writing.

Which approach is based on onsets and rimes but also analyzes word sound by sound and holistically?

Which of the following is an example of the use of pronounceable word part?

seeing that the word chat has the familiar part at.

How many speech sounds are there in English?

Which phonic element is generally taught first?

Which of the following consonant elements would you most likely teach first?

Using the variability strategy, a student would

try one pronunciation, and if that didn't work out, try another.

Which of the following would best foster fluency?

reading a series of easy books.

What is the main disadvantage of decodeable texts?

They tend to neglect semantic clues.

Formal instruction in syllabication should be started when students are reading on a _______ level.

Which of the following syllable patterns would be presented firat?

easy inflectional endings.

The best way to reinforce high-frequency words is through

Most new words are learned

independently through oral or written context.

The average first grader knows approximately __________ words.

Which of the following word learning tasks would be the hardest?

learning new words representing new concepts.

Learning that in British a biscuit is the same as a cookie would be an example of

Which is the most helpful in learning the meaning of a new word?

hearing the word explained in context.

What must happen for vocabulary study to have an impact upon comprehension?

Key unknown words must be thoroughly studied.

Which graphic organizer works best when two items are being compared?

The most effective approach for learning new words is

Morphemic analysis is primarily concerned with ____________.

A teacher does not advocate the use of a dictionary or morphemic analysis because she wants her students to practice using context skills to learn new words. What is wrong with that practice?

Context clues often don't work. Students should use integrated skills.

The word recognition skill of last resort is

Which of the following questions is designed to elicit an aesthetic response?

Have you ever known anyone like the main character in this story?

Which of the following should be read efferent?

After students have read a piece of literature, the teacher should first

foster an aesthetic response.

According to reader response theory, when reading a poem or story, the reader

constructs meaning by entering a back-and-forth transaction with the writer.

A major characteristic of most reader response questions is that

there is no right or wrong answer.

The major aim of literature discussion groups is to

foster a deeper appreciation and understanding.

Which of the following graphic organizers would be best for comparing a number of characters on a number of traits?

semantic feature analysis.

Which of the following would most likely increase students' enjoyment of reading?

self-selecting materials to be read.

Which of the following is performed by having all participants read orally?

Including informational materials in a literature program is important mainly because these materials

expand students' horizons.

Voluntary reading can produce a significant increase in reading achievement if students read on their own a minimum of ______ minutes a day.

Which of the following is most likely to foster increased voluntary reading?

participating in book discussions.