What research seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists?

"And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose."

The scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence.

Time frames of development 

• Prenatal: from conception to birth
• Infancy or toddlerhood: from birth to 3 years old
• Preschoolers: from 3 years old to 6 years old
• School-agers: from 6 years old to 12 years old

Five Perspectives on Human Development

• Psychodynamic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Contextual
• Evolutionary

The approach (perspective) to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

Psychodynamic Perspective

suggests that unconscious forces determine personality and behavior

id, ego, superego

 Psychoanalytic Theory

SIGMUND FREUD

(Psychodynamic Perspective)

 the approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior and of themselves as members of society

Psychosocial theory

ERIK ERIKSON

(Psychodynamic Perspective)

The approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

B.F. Skinner

(Behavioral Perspective)

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring that type of response

Operant Conditioning

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

Behavior Modification

(Behavioral Perspective)

The approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

Jean Piaget's Theory

(Cognitive Perspective)

Schemes--> the way he suggest human thinking is arranged into... organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

Adaptation: the way in which children respond and adjust to new information

Assimilation: the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

Accommodation: refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events (change their actions)

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

Information-Processing Approaches

(Cognitive Perspective)

The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds.

The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Bioecological Approach

(Contextual Perspective)

An approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions among members of a culture

Lev Vygotsky (ZPD: ZONE OF POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS)

Sociocultural Theory

(Contextual Perspective)

The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

 evolution of the environment and its influences on individuals  (Konrad Lorenz)

Evolutionary Perspectives

Ethology

the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

   Scientific Method (Scientific Method and Research)

Tabula rasa/ blank slate (nuturing aspect)

noble savage (nature aspect)

studied child intelligence looking at memory and mental calculation

used questionnaires to look at thinking and behavior

Development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need fro food, drink, and sleep

Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior

Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

The way in which individual's interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

Children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part

Psychosexual Development

SIGMUND FREUD

(Psychodynamic Perspective)

An approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

(Behavioral Perspective)

Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena  of interest, providing a framework for understanding the  relationships among an organized set of facts or principles

Theory (Scientific Method and Research)

A prediction stated in a way that permits it to  be tested

Hypothesis (Scientific Method and Research)

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place

Gradual Development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences

The degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable

A specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment

The process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information

Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

Research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors

Studies in which researchers observe some naturally occurring behavior without intervening or making changes in the situation

Extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals

Research in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic

A research approach that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

Psychophysiological methods

A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for subjects or participants

A procedure applied by an experimental investigator based on two different experiences devised for subjects or participants

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment

The group in an experiment that receives either no treatment or an alternative treatment

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by researchers

The variable in an experiment that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

A group of participants chosen for an experiment

A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

Research designed specifically tot test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

Research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age

Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups as several points in time