Some people are truly into the winter — and who doesn’t love the part where you get to snuggle up in a cozy sweater with a hot drink after a long day in the snow? But even if you aren’t someone who feels the cold, sometimes the weather can actually get so frigid that it’s dangerous to go out. But when is it too cold, and what should we do to stay safe? Wrap up and read on. The point at which cold gets dangerous is a higher temperature than you might think, especially if you live somewhere that frequently sees temperatures in the teens or lower. “It’s safe to be outside if the temperature is 32°F or above,” says David A. Greuner, MD, FACS, co-founder and director of NYC Surgical. “If the temperature falls between 13°F and 31°F, you should take breaks from the cold approximately every 20 to 30 minutes. If wind chill temperatures are 13°F and below, you should remain indoors.” Wind chill measures the true danger of weather conditions by factoring in how the low temperature and wind speed combine to remove heat from an exposed human face. To get a better idea, check out this chart created by the National Weather Service. For example, if the ambient temperature is 20°F and the wind speed is a breezy 10 mph, the wind chill is a significantly colder 9°F. Even worse for us than the wind is water, warns Michael Richardson, MD, a Boston-based family medicine practitioner with One Medical. “During the winter, we try to insulate our body with warm clothes that trap in our heat, but what if that protective layer becomes drenched when we have to slog through the snow, or we trip in a slushy puddle? Wet clothes can lead to a rapid drop in your temperature, as the thermal conductivity of water is roughly 30 times greater than air.” This means water transfers heat away from your body more effectively than air, so you’ll get colder faster. That’s helpful in summer, but in winter, Dr. Richardson cautions, it can be a “fast track to hypothermia.” While 32°F is the limit for most people, some people are extra susceptible to the cold. Dr. Richardson explains, “Most people can get away with going out in the cold if dressed appropriately, but very young toddlers, infants, and the elderly have more difficulty regulating their [body] temperature. If you are going out with your child or an elderly person, you may want to plan ahead to minimize their exposure to the cold.” Janette Nesheiwat, MD, a family and emergency medicine doctor in New York, adds, “Cold injury is exacerbated by dehydration, drinking alcohol, and being ill or if you have an underlying medical disease like Raynaud’s disease, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), and circulatory problems.” If you’re already battling health problems, don’t add cold on top of it! It’s most famously associated with Arctic explorers, but frostbite isn’t picky. “Frostbite can occur when a body part isn’t properly protected in the extreme cold,” Dr. Greuner warns. The colder the wind chill is, the quicker frostbite comes on. According to that National Weather Service wind chill chart, if it’s 0°F outside and the wind is blowing at 15 mph, creating a wind chill temperature of -19°F, you’re at risk of frostbite after being exposed for just 30 minutes. The condition starts slowly and gets gradually worse. “The first symptoms of frostbite are sore, red skin, which is called ‘frostnip,’” Dr. Greuner says. “If you are experiencing these initial symptoms, get indoors immediately!” The extent of the damage is measured in four different degrees — similar to heat-related burns — Dr. Nesheiwat says. The severity of your injury, she tells us, “is determined by the depth of tissue freezing. First-degree frostbite starts when your fingers become painfully cold, may change color to red and then maybe turn grey or blue. You may get tingling and loss of sensation. The worst type of frostbite, the fourth degree, is deeper than the skin, and includes muscle, nerves, and bones, and can sometimes lead to amputation.” In this very advanced stage, Dr. Greuner adds, “the skin becomes very hard and cold to the touch and darkens; [depending on your natural skin color] it may look blue and later turn black.” What precautions should we take? If you can, stay inside when it’s below freezing outside — but if that’s not an option, start by dressing the part. In addition to a hat, gloves, scarf, and warm shoes or boots, Dr. Greuner suggests you layer up. “Wear three layers of loose clothing. Your first layer should keep you dry, the second should be made of an insulator like fleece, and the third should be wind- and waterproof,” he says. If you can, he says, take regular breaks from the cold, every 20 to 30 minutes. And if you notice any signs of frostbite, go straight inside. Unfortunately, it’s not just frostbite you have to worry about. “Avoid strenuous activity, because events like heart attacks occur often in the cold,” Dr. Nesheiwat says. “Pace yourself, stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol because it gives you a false sensation of warmth.” Be aware that the impact of cold can creep up slowly. As Dr. Richardson explains, “Mild hypothermia presents subtly — you become short of breath, your heart beats faster, and you start to shiver. These are all signs that your body is trying to compensate for the cold, so take this as your first warning that it’s time to head indoors for some hot cocoa.” We’ll take one of those too, please. This article was originally published on Your Coffee Break. Information: This page is for adults. For advice about children, see high temperature (fever) in children.
A fever (also termed pyrexia) is a higher-than-normal body temperature. It is a symptom caused by a wide variety of illnesses. Fevers may occur in anyone at any age; however, this article is specifically addressing fever in adults. Every one of us has experienced the wave of chills and exhaustion that a fever causes. Fever usually occurs in response to an infection as with the flu, viruses that causes a cold, strep throat bacterial infection, or most infectious diseases, or with inflammation that occurs with tissue injury or disease (such as with some cancers). However, many other causes of fever are possible, including drugs, poisons, heat exposure, injuries or abnormalities to the brain, or disease of the endocrine (hormonal or glandular) system. A fever rarely comes without other symptoms. It is often accompanied by specific complaints, which may help to identify the illness causing the fever. This can help the doctor determine which treatment is necessary.
How to Take Your Temperature Body temperature measurements are usually measured by temperature devices inserted on or into the rectum, mouth, axilla (under the armpit), skin, or ear (ear thermometers). Some devices (laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes, rectal probes) may have temperature-sensing probes that can record temperature continually. The most common way to measure body temperature was (and still is in many countries) with a mercury thermometer; because of glass breakage and the possibility of subsequent mercury contamination, many developed countries use digital thermometers with disposable probe covers to measure temperature from all of the body sites listed above.
Low-grade fevers range from about 100 F-101 F; 102 F is intermediate grade for adults but a temperature at which adults should seek medical care for an infant (0-6 months). High-grade fevers range from about 103 F-104 F. Dangerous temperatures are high-grade fevers that range from over 104 F-107 F or higher (extremely high fevers are also termed hyperpyrexia). The preceding fever values may vary somewhat according to the condition and age of the patient, but they offer a reader a way to judge the terms "low," "high," and "dangerous" when they are used in reference to fever in the medical literature. Consequently, regarding the question of "when to worry" or better, "when to act" about a fever, it is usually considered to be in the case of intermediate- and high-grade fevers. Low-grade fevers that last more than about four to seven days may need investigation by a medical caregiver while persistent fevers (low-, intermediate-, or high-grade) always need investigation. Other terms are used to describe fever or fever types:
In addition, there are well over 40 diseases that have "fever" as part of the disease name (for example, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, cat scratch fever, Lassa fever, and many more). Each disease has fever as one of its symptoms; countless other conditions may have fever as a symptom. Cytokines or endogenous (body-generated) pyrogens can cause many of the same features mentioned above. Cytokine release is triggered by inflammation and many immune-mediated diseases. People may have both infectious (also termed exogenous) pyrogens and cytokines generating fevers at the same time, depending on their disease processes. The major cytokines involved in fever generation are interleukins 1 and 6 along with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.
Viral FeverIllnesses caused by viruses are among the most frequent causes of fever in adults. Common symptoms can include a runny nose, sore throat, cough, hoarseness, and muscle aches. Viruses also may cause diarrhea, vomiting, or an upset stomach. For the most part, these viral illnesses will improve simply with time. Antibiotics will not treat a viral infection. Symptoms can be treated using decongestants and anti-fever medications bought over the counter. If diarrhea or vomiting occurs, then the person needs to be encouraged to drink fluids. Gatorade or sports drinks will help replace lost electrolytes. If fluids are not staying down, then medical care should be sought. Viral illnesses can last as long as one to two weeks. The influenza virus is a major cause of death and serious illness in the elderly. Symptoms include headaches and muscle and joint aches, as well as the other common viral symptoms, including fever. Vaccines against seasonal influenza as well as H1N1 influenza are available. Also, antiviral medications can be administered to fight the influenza virus immediately after the symptoms start. This illness usually occurs during the winter. Bacterial FeverBacterial illnesses causing fever can affect almost any organ system in the body. They can be treated with antibiotics.
Fungal FeverFungal infections can affect any organ system. Often a physician can identify these infections through a physical examination. Sometimes further testing is required and in rare instances, fungal fevers may require a biopsy to diagnose the infection. An antifungal medication will usually treat the infection. Animal Exposure FeverCertain people who work with animals can be exposed to rare bacteria that can cause fevers. In addition to the fever, the person may have chills, headache, and muscle and joint aches. These bacteria can exist in livestock, in unpasteurized dairy products, and in the urine of infected animals. Travelers' FeverAnyone who travels, especially outside the United States, may develop fever after exposure to various new foods, toxins, insects, or vaccine-preventable diseases. The only vaccines required by the U.S. and other countries for travelers at this time are for yellow fever and meningitis; these requirements depend on when and where people travel. Childhood vaccines such as those against measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio should be current prior to travel. Vaccines against hepatitis A, meningitis, and typhoid can be obtained before people travel to an area where exposure to those diseases is likely. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) can advise people on the current vaccines that are recommended or required for travel to various countries. When traveling, consumption of contaminated water, uncooked vegetables, or unpasteurized dairy products can cause a low-grade fever and traveler's diarrhea. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), loperamide (Imodium), and certain antibiotics can help reduce symptoms but in some people may prolong the disease. The symptoms and signs of abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, headache, and bloating should go away in three to six days. A fever higher than 101 F (38.3 C) or the presence of blood in the stool is an indication to go to a doctor immediately. Insect bites are a common way that infections are spread in some countries. Malaria is a serious infection that can occur after a mosquito bite. The bitten person may have fevers that come and go every few days. A blood test must be done to make the diagnosis. In certain infected areas, a traveler can take medication to prevent malaria. Lyme disease is spread by the bite of a tick. This is common in areas of the U.S. where the deer tick is found. Any infection caused by an insect bite should be evaluated by a doctor.
Drug FeverA fever that occurs after starting a new medication, without another source, may be a drug fever. The fever can occur at any time after starting the drug and should go away after the drug is stopped. Some drugs that have been associated with fever include beta-lactam antibiotics, procainamide (Procanbid), isoniazid, alpha-methyldopa, quinidine (Quinaglute Dura-Tabs), and diphenylhydantoin.
Blood Clot FeverOccasionally a blood clot can develop in a person's leg and cause swelling and pain in the calf. Part of this clot may break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolus). This may cause chest pain and trouble breathing. In either case, a person may develop a fever because of inflammation in the blood vessels. A person with any of these symptoms should go to the hospital. Tumor FeverCancer can cause fever in a variety of ways. Sometimes the tumor makes pyrogens, chemicals which cause a fever on their own. Some tumors may become infected. Tumors in the brain may prevent the hypothalamus (the body's thermostat) from properly regulating the body temperature. Many of the medications that a cancer patient takes can cause a fever. Finally, immune systems in cancer patients may be weakened, which makes them prone to various infections. Environmental FeverOccasionally, a very high body temperature can be reached when the body becomes overheated. This condition is called hyperthermia. This often occurs with strenuous exercise or when the body is exposed to hot or humid weather. Certain drugs that alter a person's behavior may prevent that person from taking shelter from the heat. People with hyperthermia may be confused, lethargic, or even comatose. They may have an extremely high temperature and may not be able to sweat. Hyperthermia is treated differently than other causes of fever; it is a medical emergency. The affected person must be cooled immediately. Special Medical ConditionsMany people have medical illnesses that prevent their immune system (defense system) from working normally. This may make it easier for a fever-causing infection to invade their body. Depending on the illness, it may be difficult to find the source of the fever. A fever in a person with limited ability to fight off infection can be very dangerous. The collagen vascular diseases and autoimmune diseases (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa) may be associated with fever. Many diseases of the immune system produce fever, because of inflammation. The following are causes of a weakened immune system:
Any person with one of these illnesses or conditions and a fever should see a doctor or go to a hospital's emergency department quickly. It is important for the proper treatment to be started right away. Quick action may save the person's life. Another medical condition that involves fever is unusual as the cause is unknown or unexplained (although the cause may be discovered at a later date). It is termed FUO (fever of unknown origin). FUOs are defined as a temperature greater than 101 F (38.3 C) on several occasions, with more than three weeks' duration of such febrile illness, and failure to reach a diagnosis despite intensive investigation, which some investigators consider to be one week of inpatient investigation. Eventually, FUOs are found to be caused by infections, cancers, collagen vascular diseases, and numerous miscellaneous diseases such as abscess in organs, obscure parasitic infections, and occult cancers. Unfortunately, some FUO cases defy diagnosis, despite expert evaluations and many tests. Another special medical condition involves hypothalamus regulation. Neurotransmitters and hormones (for example, thyroid hormones) work through feedback mechanisms to help the hypothalamus function. If this delicate feedback balance is interrupted, the hypothalamus may malfunction in many ways, one of which is to raise core body temperature to fever levels. Thyroid storm (also termed thyrotoxicosis) is a medical emergency in which fevers reach about 105.8 F (41 C).
When to Call or See a Doctor (or When to Worry About a Fever)A fever has many possible causes. Most commonly, a fever is part of a viral infection that will go away on its own. However, there are some reasons to be concerned or worried about a fever; do not hesitate to call or see a doctor for any high fevers; the following is a "when to be worried" list that lists some symptoms and signs that indicate that people should seek medical care.
When to Go to the HospitalCertain illnesses that occur with a fever can be life threatening. Under these conditions, the person should go immediately to a hospital's emergency department:
A health care professional will ask many questions in an effort to find the source of the fever:
A very thorough physical examination will be done in an effort to find the source of the fever. After the history is taken and physical examination is performed, the physician may know the cause of the fever. If the physician is not sure at this point, he or she may order certain tests to help make the diagnosis. Examples of diagnostic tests that may be ordered are as follows:
Based on the results of these tests, the physician usually will be able to find the cause of the fever. More specific tests, including imaging tests, may be done if needed if the initial tests do not suggest a cause for the fevers. FUOs (fevers of unknown origin) are challenging, and often specialists need to be involved to help determine what further diagnostic testing may be needed (for example, endoscopy, PET scanning, echocardiography, or radionucleotide studies).
People can make the diagnosis of fever at home by taking a person's temperature with a thermometer, and there multiple ways to bring a fever down. There are several ways to bring down (reduce) a fever. In general, a fever can be reduced with ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol and others). Both medications help control pain and reduce fever. Alternating doses of each will also work and prevent accidental overdose of one drug. At times, a combination of both acetaminophen and ibuprofen will be needed to stop the fever. Cool bath water or cool towels applied to a person's skin may also help reduce fevers; cool fluids taken orally will also rehydrate and cool a person. Aspirin is not the first choice drug for fever reduction; it should not be used in children. Aspirin may be toxic in large doses in adults or cause Reye's syndrome in children. Do not give aspirin to individuals 18 years or younger unless directed by a physician to give a specific dose.
The treatment of a fever (or how to break the fever) depends on its cause. In most cases, except in hyperthermia, acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be given to lower the temperature (see home remedies above). Fluids may be given by mouth or IV to prevent dehydration, if necessary.
Thyroid storm is treated by blocking hormone production with drugs like methimazole (Northyx, Tapazole) and iodine to block hormone release plus propranolol (Inderal) to further block the effects of thyroid hormones.
Most fevers will go away in a few days with the appropriate treatment. It is important to follow up with a health care professional to be sure the cause of the fever is treated correctly. This may be done in a few days to weeks after the initial visit, depending on the cause. If symptoms worsen, if the fever continues for more than three days despite treatment, or if the fever lasts longer than a week without treatment, see a doctor immediately. Follow-up is very important especially for people with fevers due to cancer, drug-induced fevers, infectious causes like tuberculosis, FUOs, or hormone problems, since these people may experience relapses and repeated treatments. In some cases, hospitalization may be required.
Most fevers come from an infection. Individuals can help prevent the spread of infection and thus prevent fever.
Fever is less likely to accompany a common cold. If there is a fever, it is usually mild. Children may be more likely to have a fever as a common cold symptom. On the other hand, with the flu, most people will experience a fever of 100-102 degrees or higher, especially in children. However, not everyone will develop fever as a flu symptom. Cold vs. flu...What are the differences? »
Gompf, S. "Fever of unknown origin (FUO)." Medscape. Mar. 1, 2018. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217675-overview>. Helman, Robert S. "Heat Stroke." Medscape. May 18, 2017. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview>. Porat, Reuven, and Charles A. Dinarello. "Pathophysiology and Treatment of Fever in Adults." UpToDate.com. August 2018. <http://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-treatment-of-fever-in-adults>. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Fever in Returned Travelers." June 12, 2017. <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/post-travel-evaluation/fever-in-returned-travelers>. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Vaccinations." <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/vaccinations.htm>.
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