What word part is added to the beginning of a medical term that alters the meaning of the word root?

• Identify word parts in medical terms.
• Examine the rules for building medical terms.

Medical terms are built from word parts. Those word parts are , , , and . When a word root is combined with a combining form vowel the word part is referred to as a .

Identifying Word Parts in Medical Terms

By the end of this book, you will have identified hundreds of word parts within medical terms. Let’s start with some common medical terms that many non-medically trained people may be familiar with.

Osteoarthritis
Oste/o/arthr/itis – Inflammation of bone and joint.
Oste/o is a that means bone
arthr/o is a that means joint
-itis is a that means inflammation

Intravenous
Intra/ven/ous – Pertaining to within a vein.
Intra- is a that means within
ven/o – is a that means vein
-ous is a that means pertaining to

Notice, when breaking down words that you place slashes between word parts and a slash on each side of a .

Language Review

Before we begin analyzing the rules let’s complete a short language review that will assist with pronunciation and spelling.

Short Vowels
a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y are indicated by lower case.

Long Vowels
A, E, I, O, U are indicated by upper case.

Consonants
Consonants are all of the other letters in the alphabet. b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, and z.

Language Rules

Language rules are a good place to start when building a medical terminology foundation. Many medical terms are built from word parts and can be translated . At first, literal translations sound awkward. Once you build a medical vocabulary and become proficient at using it, the awkwardness will slip away. For example, suffixes will no longer be stated and will be assumed. The definition of intravenous then becomes within the vein.

Since you are at the beginning of building your medical terminology foundation, stay literal when applicable. It should be noted that as with all language rules there are always exceptions and we refer to those as .

Language Rules for Building Medical Terms

1. When combining two , you keep the .
2. When combining a with a that begins with a consonant, you keep the .

   Gastr/o/enter/o/logy – The study of the stomach and the intestines

   • Following rule 1, when we join combining form gastr/o (meaning stomach) with the combining form enter/o (meaning intestines) we keep the combining form vowel o.
   • Following rule 2, when we join the combining form enter/o (meaning intestines) with the suffix -logy (that starts with a suffix and means the study of) we keep the combining form vowel o.

3. When combining a with a that begins with a vowel, you drop the .
4. A goes at the beginning of the word and no is used.

   Intra/ven/ous – Pertaining to within the vein

   • Following rule 3, notice that when combining the combining form ven/o (meaning vein) with the suffix -ous ( that starts with a vowel and means pertaining to) we drop the combining form vowel o.
   • Following rule 4, the prefix intra- (meaning within) is at the beginning of the medical term with no combining form vowel used.

5. When defining a medical word, start with the first and then work left to right stating the word parts. You may need to add words. As long as the filler word does not change the meaning of the word you may use it for the purpose of building a medical vocabulary. Once you start to apply the word in the context of a sentence it will be easier to decide which filler word(s) to choose.

   Intra/ven/ous – Pertaining to within the vein or Pertaining to within a vein.

   • Following rule 5, notice that I start with the suffix -ous (that means pertaining to) then we work left to right starting with the prefix Intra- (meaning within) and the combining form ven/o (meaning vein).
   • Notice that we have used two different definitions that mean the same thing.
   • In these examples we do not have the context of a full sentence. For the purpose of building a medical terminology foundation either definition is accepted.

Word part at the beginning of a medical term that changes the meaning of the word root.

The foundational meaning of a word

A word part added to the end of a word that changes the meaning of the word root

The combining form vowel is used to join word parts and to ease pronunciation. The most common combining form vowel is an "o," but sometimes it is an "i" or an "e".

A word root with a combining form vowel

Follows the rules exactly

Word parts that do not fit within the language rules

additional words that makes the definition complete.