Political Science 3500: American Foreign Policy Fall 2006 Final Exam Part I: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark the letter on the computer-readable form sheet.(1 point per question; 70 points total) 1. Which term best describes current U.S. foreign policy since 2001? A) Isolationist B) Multilateral C) Unilateralist D) Imperialist 2. Which of the following best describes the principle that the executive branch and Congress share foreign-policy powers? A) The presidential model B) The legislative model C) The constitutional balance model D) The bureaucratic model 3. Which of the following is NOT a formal power granted to the president by the Constitution? A) Declaring war on other countries when necessary B) Negotiating and signing treaties C) Appointing cabinet secretaries and ambassadors D) Acting as commander in chief of the armed forces 4. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of an imperial presidency? A) A president who has great deal of autonomy and power regarding foreign affairs B) A president who does not cooperate with Congress C) A president who acts as his own secretary of state and defense D) A president who aligned with Great Britain after the Revolutionary War 5. Which one of the following presidents had a substantial foreign-policy background prior to being elected and taking office? A) President Bill Clinton B) President George W. Bush C) President Ronald Reagan D) President George H. W. Bush 6. Which of the following is usually not among the limitations of presidential power in US foreign policy? A) Time constraints B) Previous commitments C) Opinion leadership D) Bureaucratic limits 7. Which of the following does NOT require the Senate’s formal approval? A) A fiscal budget B) International treaties C) Executive agreements D) Appointments of cabinet officials 8. Which of the following officials served as President Nixon’s national security adviser? A) Gordon Liddy B) Henry Kissinger C) Zbigniew Brzezinski D) George H. W. Bush 9. Which of the following statements best describes the role of the Supreme Court concerning the presidency and foreign-policy issues? A) The Supreme Court generally rules in favor of whatever political party is in control at the time. B) The Supreme Court never rules on foreign-policy issues because it is a domestic court. C) The Supreme Court cannot rule on military issues but can rule on other foreign-policy areas. D) The Supreme Court generally considers issues of foreign policy as political issues and therefore does not have the power to intervene on non-legal questions. 10. Which of the following actions was taken by Congress in the late 1990s under the leadership of Senator Jesse Helms? A) Passed an amendment barring arms sales and military aid to violators of human rights B) Refused to pay United Nations dues C) Ordered a complete restructuring of intelligence agencies D) Increased the international affairs budget 11. During the height of the cold war (1950s through 1970), which of the following was true of presidential-congressional relations? A) Generally disagreed over the means and ends of U.S. foreign policy B) No distinct pattern of relations C) Generally depended on which party controlled Congress D) Generally agreed over the means and ends of U.S. foreign policy 12. Congress tends to play the most active role in which of the following foreign-policy areas that is perhaps the most “intermestic”? A) Immigration B) National security C) Terrorism and counterterrorism D) Funding foreign military interventions and covert operations 13. Congressional power in foreign policy consists of A Legislative oversight B) Congressional advise and consent C) Power of the purse D) All of the above. 14. Most experts agree that members of Congress failed to play their oversight role and gave President Johnson a “blank check” when they passed which of the following? A Platt Amendment B) Great Society Act C) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution D) War Powers Resolution 15. After the cold war, Congress became more involved in foreign policy by focusing on which types of issues? A Intermestic issues like immigration and trade B) Security issues like covert operations and counterintelligence C) Strategic issues like nuclear arms control and proliferation D Domestic issues like terrorism and military reform 16. Who will be the new chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee come January 2007? A Joseph Biden B) Carl Levin C) John Warner D) John McCain 17. Which of the following best describes the concept of a new isolationism after the end of the Cold War? A) A general trend by Congress to desire disengagement from global policies and involvement B) A general trend by Congress to focus attention on global and transnational issues while isolating themselves from domestic issues C) A general trend by Congress not to cooperate or engage with the White House on foreign-policy issues D) A general trend by the American public to have animosity toward their congressional representatives 18. Which of the following is often considered to be the strongest foreign-policy power of Congress? A) War powers after the controversial War Powers Resolution of 1973 B) Approving cabinet and ambassador appointees C) Power of the purse D) Fact-finding missions and diplomatic task forces 19. Which of the following is a characteristic of the foreign-policy bureaucracy in the U.S. political system, often exemplified by the Department of State and the Department of Defense? A) Hidden cohesion and harmony B) External unity and agreement C) Internal fragmentation and conflict D) Open hostility and disrespect 20. Which of the following is NOT a factor that provides power to bureaucrats in foreign-policy making? A) Presidential limitations of time and resources B) Congressional deference in foreign policy areas C) Organizational expertise in foreign policy issues D) Electoral linkage and public support 21. The current Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is A) John D. Negroponte B) General Michael V. Hayden C) Dr. Robert M. Gates D) Stephen J. Hadley 22. Which of the following best describes the concept of interservice rivalry? A) Conflicts between branches of the armed services and congressional representatives B) Conflicts between generals and the White House staff C) Conflicts between generals and civilians D) Separate and often conflicting organizational cultures leading to disunity in the intelligence community and armed services 23. The intelligence failures in the executive branch uncovered by the 9-11 Commission represent all of the following concepts EXCEPT A) presidential limitations of information processing. B) congressional activism and effective oversight. C) interservice rivalries that impede information sharing. D) organizational cultures that inhibit “connecting the dots”. 24. Which of the following best describes interstate diplomacy? A) The interactions among representatives of two or more states involving matters of policy B) The planning and conduct of everyday foreign-policy decisions C) The relationships between Congress, the president, and the bureaucracy regarding foreign policy D) The ways in which bureaucracies solve collective-action problems 25. What is the title of the individual in charge of the U.S. diplomatic corps? A) Chief Foreign Service Officer B) National Security Adviser C) Secretary of State D) Secretary of Defense 26. The United States has approximately how many embassies, consulates and diplomatic missions abroad? A) 90 B) 120 C) 180 D) 320 27. The U.S. trade representative generally advocates which of the following concepts of economic foreign policy? A) Fair trade at any cost B) Trade tariffs C) Non-cooperation with the World Trade Organization D) In principle free trade, but sometimes trade protectionism 28. Which of the following refers to the president’s ability to manipulate and gauge public opinion? A) An imperial president who ignores the public and Congress B) A public relations presidency that uses polls and the “bully pulpit” C) An institutional president who is captured by bureaucratic interests D) A president who “goes public” with his personal beliefs 29. Which of the following is the smallest group of people with regards to influential opinions and greatest impact on foreign policy? A) Disengaged public B) Attentive public C) Foreign-policy elite D) Mass public 30. An elitist view holds that the role of public opinion and interest groups in foreign policy is A) pragmatic, prudent, but never relevant to the policy-making process. B) stable, coherent, and completely irrelevant to the policy-making process. C) stable, pragmatic, and always dominant in the policy-making process. D) volatile, incoherent, but sometimes relevant to the policy-making process. 31. How does public opinion most likely influence foreign-policy leaders? A) It opens options and choices based on ingrained sets of values, attitudes, and preferences. B) It narrows options and choices based on ingrained sets of values, attitudes, and preferences. C) It forces journalists to cover the most relevant and pragmatic stories. D) It provides support for policies during and after crisis situations that otherwise would not have been supported. 32. What is the concept that refers to the U.S. public’s decreased support since the mid-1970s for military interventions and activism? A) The Fox News effect B) The diversionary theory of war C) The isolationism effect D) The Vietnam Syndrome 33. President George W. Bush’s rise in public approval after 2001 can best be attributed to which of the following factors? A) Diversionary theory of war B) The CNN effect C) The rally-around-the-flag effect D) Latent public opinion 34. The rapid pace at which news and transnational issues are reported to the public is part of which of the following concepts? A) Living-room news B) The CNN effect C) Rooftop journalism D) Parachute journalism 35. Approximately how many NGOs have consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council? A) 20 B) 100 C) 2,000 D) 10,000 36. Halliburton and Wal-Mart are examples of which of the following? A) Nongovernmental organizations B) International organizations C) Political action committees D) Multinational corporations 37. Which president warned of the dangers of a military-industrial complex? A) Woodrow Wilson B) Dwight D. Eisenhower C) Harry S. Truman D) John F. Kennedy 38. Which of the following is the informal body of industrialized countries that meet and plan regarding issues of globalization and economic markets? A) Group of 8 (G-8) B) Organization of Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) C) World Bank D) Group of 77 (G-77) 39. Which of the following is the United Nations’ primary agent for solving and dealing with international conflicts? A) International Conflict Tribunal B) Security Council C) General Assembly D) International Court of Justice 40. The United States provides approximately how much of the United Nations’ funding? A) 5 percent B) 25 percent C) 75 percent D) 100 percent 41. Which institution is commonly associated with the concept of regional integration in Europe? A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) B) Coalition of the Willing C) Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) D) European Union (EU) 42. Approximately how much did the United States spend on Official Development Assistance (ODA) in 2005? A) $100 million B) $ 27 billion C) $500 billion D) $1 trillion 43. Approximately how much did the United States spend on defense in 2005? A) $100 million B) $ 27 billion C) $500 billion D) $1 trillion 44. In which of the following types of warfare is the United States most likely to engage? A) Military operations other than a full-scale war B) Low-intensity conflicts that last decades C) Conventional war D) Nuclear war 45. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of U.S. strategic culture? A) National exceptionalism B) Sense of moralism C) Ambivalence toward world affairs D) Use of asymmetric warfare 46. Which of the following conflicts is the best example of the constraints of public opinion on U.S. military policy? A) Korean War 1950-53 B) Somalian relief efforts 1992-93 C) Persian Gulf War 1991 D) Afghanistan invasion 2001 47. Which of the following terms refers to the translation of political and security means to military ends? A) Massive retaliation B) Tactics C) Strategy D) Deterrence 48. The U.S. military first used “smart bombs” and “bunker busters” guided by lasers in which of the following conflicts? A) Overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan 2001 B) Bombings in Kosovo 1999 C) Conflict in Bosnia 1995 D) First Iraq War 1991 49. Which military doctrine requires that U.S. forces have an exit strategy? A) Truman Doctrine B) Primacy and preemption doctrine C) Powell Doctrine D) Engagement and enlargement doctrine 50. The Cuban missile crisis was an example of which of the following? A) Coercive diplomacy B) War of necessity C) Mission creep D) Preventive war 51. Economic liberalism and free trade are views of the international political economy that promote which of the following? A) Economic equality between workers and traders B) Tariffs on foreign imports C) Government subsidies to agricultural and commercial multinational corporations D) Enterprise free from government intervention 52. Protectionist trade policies are often associated with which model of political economy? A) Socialism and Communism B) Mercantilism or Economic Nationalism C) Liberalism and Free Trade D) Geoeconomics and Fair Trade 53. Approximately how much does the United States produce annually in goods and services? A) $110 million B) $100 billion C) $1 trillion D) $11 trillion 54. Which of the following countries is the top recipient of U.S. exports? A) Canada B) China C) Mexico D) Russia 55. What does it mean to say that the United States experienced a trade deficit in the 1980s? A) It imported more than it spent on the government budget. B) It imported more goods and services than it exported. C) It exported more goods and services than it imported. D) It lost money on foreign aid and direct investments. 56. How are floating exchange rates since the early 1970s set? A) By comparing each currency to the value of gold reserves held by the United States B) By basing the value of money on what the IMF determines is representative of trade balances C) By determining the value of each currency compared with the values of other currencies on foreign-exchange markets D) By countries without high inflation rates determining the value of money 57. What did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930 do? A) Globalized economic markets to help the United States out of the Great Depression B) Increased the amount of goods coming in from Europe C) Placed tariffs on goods coming into the United States D) Shifted the responsibility of trade policies to the executive branch 58. Which of the following best describes U.S. foreign aid? A) The lowest level in the world as a percentage of federal spending and gross national product B) The lowest amount in the world as a whole C) Not given to countries in the Middle East D) Given only to countries with open economic markets 59. Which of the following is a restriction on the import of another country’s goods or services? A) Embargo, e.g. the naval blockade of Cuba in 1962 B) Boycott, e.g. legal ban on importing Cuban cigars into the United States C) Divestment, e.g. the withdrawal of investment funds from South Africa in the 1980s D) Tariff, like the additional taxes imposed on French “luxury goods” like champagne and parfume 60. Which of the following terms refers to countries benefiting from the collective efforts of others while not sharing in the costs? A) Coordination problems B) Tragedy of the commons C) Free-rider problems D) Negative externalities 61. Which country’s government did recently announce that it convinced the North Koreans to return to the six-party talks regarding their nuclear program? A) Japan B) China C) South Korea D) United States 62. Which one of the following countries was chosen as the compromise candidate to represent Latin America as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council? A) Venezuela B) Guatemala C) Panama D) Cuba 63. The Kyoto Protocol focuses on which of the following problems? A) Deforestation B) Nuclear weapons proliferation C) Population control D) Global warming 64. Which Middle Eastern country is the top U.S. oil supplier? A) Saudi Arabia B) Egypt C) Venezuela D) Iraq 65. The United States supplies what percentage of the world’s global arms transfers and military aid? A) 0 percent B) 10 percent C) 50 percent D) 90 percent 66. Where was the most recent Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) summit held? A) China B) Vietnam C) India D) Australia 67. Which of the following best describes an illiberal democracy like Venezuela? A) A country where an election takes place but the elected leader then suppresses political rights B) A country where the election is “rigged” or highly influenced by the United States C) A country where an election occurs but the majority of the population cannot participate D) A country where political leaders are chosen by the public in a method that is not consistent with free elections 68. The co-chairmen of the Iraqi Study Group are: A) James Baker, III and Lee Hamilton B) Bill Frist and Nancy Pelosi C) John McCain and Hillary Clinton D) Dick Cheney and Don Rumsfeld 69. The report of the Iraq Study Group recommends that the Bush Administration should stop its refusal to talk to the governments of the following two countries about the future of Iraq: A) Iraq and Afghanistan B) Iran and Syria C) Jordan and Saudi Arabia D) Israel and Turkey 70. The two major recommendations of the Iraq Study Group essentially are: A) to withdraw immediately all US troops from Iraq and see who emerges the winner from the chaos of civil war. B) to stay the course and deploy more US troops to Iraq. C) to cut and run. D) externally to engage in a regional diplomatic effort and internally to set clear objectives for the Iraqi government and its forces to take over more responsibility and gradually withdraw US combat troops. Part II: Short Answer/Definitions Define and describe two of the following three terms or concepts in one page or less per question in your exam book. List and explain their main characteristics and use specific examples from the readings and/or class lectures to illustrate your answer (5 points per question; 10 points total. 1. War Power 2. Trade sanctions 3. Preemptive defense Part III: Essay Answer one of the following two essay questions. Address all parts of the question. Be brief, specific, and use examples from the readings, lectures, and class discussions as evidence for the points you are trying to make. Write your answer legibly in your exam book (20 points per question; 20 points total). 1. Describe briefly the main institutional actors in US foreign policy making and compare their powers. What are the primary functions of each office or agency and what role do they play in the foreign policy making process? What are the formal, constitutional sources or the informal, political bases of each institutional actor’s powers? How have the powers and influence of these different actors changed over time, if at all? What were the key events and evidence that indicate a shift of power from some actor(s) or branch(es) of government to others? Would you distinguish certain eras in which one actor or institution clearly dominated the others and why? 2. What is the full range of foreign policy measures at the disposal of the U.S. government to influence foreign governments or groups? What are the extreme poles of actions the U.S. government can take in times of conflict or crisis? Describe a range of diplomatic, economic, and military options and the conditions under which you think they are most appropriate to use. Give historical and/or current examples when US administrations used the different options you are describing. Indicate whether you think those measures worked or didn’t, i.e. they achieved their goal or failed.
Part I: MULTIPLE CHOICE Answer Key: 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. D 31. B DC 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. D 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. B 41. D 42. B 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. B 47. C 48. DD 49. C 50. A 51. D 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B 56. C 57. C 58. A 59. B 60. C 61. B 62. C 63. D 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. A 69. B 70. D.
PartII: 1. War Power - actual or threatened use of overt military force - according to U.S. constitution, shared between President and Congress - Congress has power to declare war; President acts as commander in chief of the armed forces - 1973 War Powers Resolution requires President to consult with Congress, to report to Congress within 48 hours regarding deployment of troops into “zone of hostilities”; to obtain Congressional approval of deployment within 60 days; if denied, troops have to be withdrawn, though Congress can grant 30 day extension if necessary to assure an orderly and safe exit. - purpose was to restore the balance between the President and Congress in war-making authority; - Presidents since Nixon have considered it unconstitutional, i.e. a legislative veto, and have ignored it. - five declared wars: War of 1812-15, Mexican-American War 1846-48, Spanish-American War 1898, World War I 1917-18, and World War II 1941-45. - no declared wars in Korea, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq 2. Trade sanctions - instrument of international economic power - examples: embargoes = prohibitions on exports; boycotts = prohibitions on imports or other business cooperation; withdrawal of Most Favored Nation (MFN) rights; tariffs and quotas; - often fail if unilateral because other nations refuse to honor them - often hurt not so much government and elite, but poor or ordinary people in target countries; - boycott of Cuban sugar and other products since 1959; grain embargo against USSR after its 1979 invasion of Afghanistan; boycott of Iraqi oil after its 1991 invasion of Kuwait 3. Preemptive defense: - new strategic doctrine introduced by President Bush in September 2002; - US declares it will act against emerging threats before they are fully formed, to identify and destroy security threats before they reach US shores - continued shift from nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) to counterproliferation - supporters see it as necessary to minimize threats posed by terrorists and rogue states - critics charge that doctrine ignores international law (that allows only preemption in cases of imminent threat) and that US acts like an imperial hegemon Part III: Essay 1. Describe briefly the main institutional actors in US foreign policy making and compare their powers. What are the primary functions of each office or agency and what role do they play in the foreign policy making process? What are the formal, constitutional sources or the informal, political bases of each institutional actor’s powers? How have the powers and influence of these different actors changed over time, if at all? What were the key events and evidence that indicate a shift of power from some actor(s) or branch(es) of government to others? Would you distinguish certain eras in which one actor or institution clearly dominated the others and why? President and Executive: Models of Presidential Power Presidential model Legislative model Constitutional balance model Constitutional model of codetermination • Article I=> enumerated Congressional powers include: – Provide for common defense – Regulate commerce – Define & punish Piracies & Felonies on high seas – Declare War – Raise & support Armies & maintain a Navy – Make rules & regulations for land & naval forces (UCMJ) – Power of the purse => (fund or not fund military deployments) • Article II=> enumerated Presidential powers: – Commander in Chief (title or job description?) – Power to make treaties (subject to Senate’s ratification) – Appoint Ambassadors (Senate also has role- what?) Concept of “Two presidencies” – At Home( weak president) vs. Abroad (strong one)- why? Imperial Presidency (Nixon) Sources of Presidential Foreign Policy power: • The Constitution & president’s enumerated vs. implied powers • Head of state and Commander in chief • President’s “inherent” advantages in Foreign Policy • Privileged access to resources and information • “Bully pulpit” • Role of precedent in presidential dealings in Foreign Policy • Supreme Court Rulings regarding presidential FP actions • Behavior of Congress when the President takes decisive action • Role of President & Vice President – Varies w/administration – Generally=> President has called all the shots – Recently VP delegated a great deal of power & influence • Certainly true of this Administration National Security Council (NSC)* – Plays key role in formulating American Foreign Policy • NSC advisor & his or her staff’s role – Plays as either Honest broker or policy advocate – Depends on President’s preference & NSC advisor • Nixon & Kissinger vs. Bush II & Rice (now Hadley) • National Security Council: created in 1947 • Members include: – The President & Vice President – Secretary of State & Secretary of Defense – Director of CIA & Chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff • (Advisors to statutory members- subject to change) • The staff is headed up by the National Security Advisor • Other relevant Cabinet Secretaries invited as required Department of Defense (DOD) • Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Department of State Intelligence Community • DNI and DCI Congress and Foreign Policy: Congressional Leadership Legislative Oversight Powers Advise and consent Authority to approve Treaties and other International Agreements Fast-track legislation Executive Agreements Executive Appointments Power of the purse -- Appropriations The War Power Congress declares and President acts The War Powers Resolution (1973) • Constitution (Article I) assigns Congress explicit powers • Result: Considerable theoretical influence in foreign policy • Before WWI & II, Congress tended to assert greater role in Foreign Policy • During the 1950s and 1960s Congress typically deferred to the Executive Branch • (Since WWII & start of Cold War) • During 1970s and 1980s Congressional activism in foreign policy grew (Post Vietnam & Watergate) • Post 9/11 Congress tended to defer to President (at first) • Now appears to be re-asserting itself as war becomes unpopular • extent of power & influence varies over time • Cold War vs. post-Watergate & post-Vietnam War vs. • Post 9/11 (…and back to the future) • 3 ways Congress influences Foreign Policy: • 1. Substantive legislation • $$$ appropriations shape policy => power • 2. Procedural legislation • How laws & regulations must be applied wrt Policy • 3. Efforts to shape Public Opinion • (Democrats vs. GOP on success or failure of Iraq II) • Partisan & institutional divisions in Congress=> – Results in their lack of unified action to challenge • Belief in strong Presidential leadership in FP • Electoral considerations – (What if President is right? – avoid voters’ displeasure) • Post WWII vs. post Vietnam Congressional behavior • End of Vietnam War & Cold War => – More Congressional activism in Foreign Policy • Post Iraq II Congressional behavior? (TBD) The Judiciary in Foreign Policymaking Public Opinion and Interest Groups Public Opinion Rally-round-the-flag hypothesis Opinion leadership hypothesis Domestic Interest Groups Foreign Lobbies International Interest Groups (>300 IGOs, ~2,400 NGOs) 2. What is the full range of foreign policy measures at the disposal of the U.S. government to influence foreign governments or groups? What are the extreme poles of actions the U.S. government can take in times of conflict or crisis? Describe a range of diplomatic, economic, and military options and the conditions under which you think they are most appropriate to use. Give historical and/or current examples when US administrations used the different options you are describing. Indicate whether you think those measures worked or didn’t, i.e. they achieved their goal or failed. Measures and Instruments: - Diplomacy – Economic Inducements and Sanctions – Covert Actions – Military Intervention and War n Military Intervention and War Power n Dimensions of Warfare • Military Strategy • Operational, Logistical, and Social Dimension • Weapons Technology n Weapons of War • Conventional Weapons • Nuclear Weapons and their Effects • Chemical and Biological Weapons n Deterrence n The Triad (ICBMs, SLBMs, intercontinental bombers) n Ballistic Missile Defense n Preemption Doctrine n Covert Action = secret activities by the US to influence and manipulate events abroad n Methods: • Propaganda • Political, Economic, and Paramilitary Covert Action • Assassination? n Free trade (NAFTA, CAFTA, TAFTA) n Protectionism n Import and Export Balance n Multinationals (MNCs) n Trade Sanctions • Most favored nation (MFN) rights • Embargo and Boycotts n Foreign Aid n Moral Suasion and Soft Power n Morality vs. Pragmatism n Hard Power vs. Soft Power n Diplomacy: Definition n Treaty Power n Statutory Agreement n Executive Agreement n Creeping Commitments n Back Channels and “Opportune Civilities” U.S. interventions since 1990 n Persian Gulf War (1st Iraq War) 1991 n Somalia 1992-93 n Haiti 1994 n Bosnia 1995- n Kosovo 1999 n Afghanistan Oct. 2001 - n Iraq March 2003 – |
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Congress and the bureaucracy?
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