This second of a series of four articles on the evolution of probation traces the volunteer-professional conflict which emerged shortly after probation began.
Probation was begun by a relatively small number of dedicated persons, most of whom were volunteers. In fact, long before probation received the official sanction of law, volunteers served the courts by investigating the backgrounds of defendants and providing informal supervision of offenders. The most prominent volunteer was John Augustus, who is credited with being the 'father of probation.' Not only did he provide direct services to the court and to hundreds of offenders, but he was an effective spokesman for probation. He inspired others, such as John Murray Spear, to carry on the work he had begun in Massachusetts. In other jurisdictions there were also volunteers who performed similar functions and thus advanced the development of probation and its acceptance as an established practice prior to the passage of probation legislation. Some of these volunteers, such as Lucy Flower in Chicago and Samuel Barrows in New York, were influential in having probation legislation enacted in their jurisdictions. After the passage of the legislation, criticism of the volunteers increased. Their inadequate training, supervision, and peer group supports yielded divergent probation practices. Thus, within a few years, the volunteers were replaced by salaried probation officers. John Augustus, a Boston boot maker, is commonly referred to as the “Father of Probation.” He gained renown for spearheading initiatives to investigate the backgrounds of convicted criminals. This led to more reasonable sentences for many individuals, as well as a radical shift in the approach to rehabilitation of criminals. A Massachusetts native, he was the founder of a thriving business who maintained an interest in the legal process. He was a member of the Washington Total Abstinence Society, which held that alcohol abusers could be rehabilitated through a regimen of understanding and moral training. The most widely-employed method of justice at the time was to send offenders to prison, which often only served to further harden the offender. In 1841, Augustus approached the police court in Boston and bailed out a drunken detainee. The offender returned three weeks later for a sentencing hearing sober, with a neat appearance and improved demeanor (the man was fined only one cent plus court costs). Augustus had also found the man employment. The court allowed Augustus to continue his efforts for the next 18 years. He paid bail himself or solicited donations from other Bostonians. Augustus carefully selected his candidates, and did not exclusively take alcohol abusers. Augustus selected his cases based on age, character and outside influences upon an individual. Augustus’ simple theory was that the majority of offenders were not dangerous and were open to treatment. Finding
Main content Abstract: John Augustus is generally considered the Father of Probation in the U.S. for his work with minor offenders in 19th century Massachusetts. The author provides details about Augustus' work from an unpublished letter not generally available.
Probation - From the Latin verb "probare" - to prove, to test. A term coined by John Augustus. |