Why do white people have thinner lips

Baker, Paul and Potts, Amanda (2013) “Why do white people have thin lips?”:Google and the perpetuation of stereotypes via auto-complete search forms. Critical Discourse Studies, 10 (2). pp. 187-204. ISSN 1740-5904

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012.744320

This study highlights how the auto-complete search algorithm offered by the search tool Google can produce suggested terms which could be viewed as racist, sexist or homophobic. Google was interrogated by entering different combinations of question words and identity terms such as ‘why are blacks…’ in order to elicit auto-completed questions. Two thousand, six hundred and ninety questions were elicited and then categorised according to the qualities they referenced. Certain identity groups were found to attract particular stereotypes or qualities. For example, Muslims and Jewish people were linked to questions about aspects of their appearance or behaviour, while white people were linked to questions about their sexual attitudes. Gay and black identities appeared to attract higher numbers of questions that were negatively stereotyping. The article concludes by questioning the extent to which such algorithms inadvertently help to perpetuate negative stereotypes.

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Definitions of abbreviations of the cephalometric variables evaluated in this study

SNA (º)- Angle formed by line S-N and line N-A.

A-Nperp (mm)- Linear distance from point A to the line perpendicular to Frankfort plane passing through point N.

SNB (º)- Angle formed by line S-N and line N-B.

Co-Gn (mm)- Linear distance between the points condylion and gonion.

P-Nperp (mm)- Linear distance from point P to the line perpendicular to Frankfort plane passing through point N.

P-NB (mm)- Linear distance from point P to the line N-B.

ANB (º)- Angle formed by line N-A and line N-B.

Convexity (NAP) (°)- Angle formed by line N-A and line A-P.

Wits (mm)- Linear distance between the projections of points A and B on occlusal plane.

FMA (º)- Angle formed by Frankfort plane and mandibular plane (GoMe).

SN.GoGn (º)- Angle formed by line S-N and line Go-Gn.

SN.Ocl (º)- Angle formed by line S-N and occlusal plane.

1.NA (º)- Angle formed by maxillary incisors long axis and line N-A.

1-NA- Linear distance from the most anterior point of the crown of maxillary incisor to line N-A.

1.NB (º)- Angle formed by mandibular incisors long axis and line N-B.

1-NB- Linear distance from the most anterior point of the crown of mandibular incisor to line N-B.

Mentolabial sulcus- Longer distance from the mentolabial sulcus to line formed by the most anterior point of lower lip and the soft tissue pogonion.

Nasolabial angle (º)- Angle formed by a line from the lower border of the nose to one representing the inclination of the upper lip.

Soft tissue convexity (º)- Angle formed between the lines from soft tissue glabella to subnasale and pogonion.

Upper lip length (mm)- Linear distance between the subnasale point and the most inferior point on the vermilion of the upper lip.

Upper lip protrusion (mm)- Linear distance between upper lip anterior point and subnasale-pogonion line.

Upper lip thickness (mm)- Linear distance between upper lip anterior point and the most anterior point of the buccal surface of maxillary incisor.

Lower lip protrusion (mm)- Linear distance between lower lip anterior point and subnasale-pogonion line.

Lower lip thickness (mm)- Linear distance between lower lip anterior point and the most anterior point of the buccal surface of mandibular incisor.

Interlabial gap (mm)- Linear distance between the most inferior point on the vermilion of the upper lip to the most superior point on the vermilion of the lower lip.

Lower lip-E (mm)- Linear distance between the lower lip anterior point and line E

Upper lip-E (mm)- Linear distance between the upper lip anterior point and line E (esthetic plane by Ricketts).