How is an infant delivered when Abruptio placenta is present?

Babies born to mothers who experience placental abruption are at higher risk for some pregnancy-related complications. These include:

  • difficulty growing at a normal rate
  • premature birth, or birth that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy
  • stillbirth

If placental abruption occurs after 37 weeks of pregnancy, a baby is less likely to experience health problems than babies born at earlier gestation.

It’s very important to seek treatment as quickly as possible for potential placental abruption. According to the American Pregnancy Association, 15 percent of severe placental abruption cases end in fetal death.

Placental abruption is a pregnancy complication that doesn’t have a known cause. However, if you’re at a higher risk of placental abruption, you can work to reduce your risk. If you’re in your third trimester and experience vaginal bleeding, call your doctor immediately.

1. Ananth CV, VanderWeele TJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality with preterm delivery as a mediator: disentangling direct and indirect effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(1):99–108. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Boisramé T, Sananès N, Fritz G, et al. Placental abruption: risk factors, management and maternal-fetal prognosis. Cohort study over 10 years. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;179:100–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Dars S, Sultana F, Akhter N. Abruptio placentae: Risk factors and maternal outcomes at a tertiary care hospital. J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci. 2013;12:198–202. [Google Scholar]

4. Fong A, Leake J, Pan D, Ogunyemi D. Demographic, institutional and obstetrical risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage mortality. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;30(5):470–475. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Tikkanen M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(2):140–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Hossain N, Khan N, Sultana SS, Khan N. Abruptio placenta and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(6):443–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Pitaphrom A, Sukcharoen N. Pregnancy outcomes in placental abruption. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(10):1572–1578. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Tikkanen M, Nuutila M, Hiilesmaa V, Paavonen J, Ylikorkala O. Clinical presentation and risk factors of placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(6):700–705. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Ananth CV, Oyelese Y, Prasad V, Getahun D, Smulian JC. Evidence of placental abruption as a chronic process: associations with vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy and placental lesions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;128(1–2):15–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The Human Placenta Project. 2015 Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/HPP/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed July 6, 2015.

11. Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(4):1005–1016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2700. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Riihimäki O, Metsäranta M, Ritvanen A, et al. Increased prevalence of major congenital anomalies in births with placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2, Pt 1):268–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Tucker Edmonds B, Fager C, Srinivas S, Lorch S. Predictors of cesarean delivery for periviable neonates. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(1):49–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Pariente G, Wiznitzer A, Sergienko R, Mazor M, Holcberg G, Sheiner E. Placental abruption: critical analysis of risk factors and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(5):698–702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. do Nascimento MI, Cunha AdeA, Oliveira SR. Clinical management of the induction of labor in intrauterine fetal death: evaluation of incidence of cesarean section and related conditions. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014;17(1):203–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Morikawa M, Yamada T, Cho K, Yamada T, Sato S, Minakami H. Prospective risk of abruptio placentae. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(2):369–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Räisänen S, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Influence of delivery characteristics and socioeconomic status on giving birth by caesarean section – a cross sectional study during 2000–2010 in Finland. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:120. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-120. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Janoudi G, Kelly S, Yasseen A, Hamam H, Moretti F, Walker M. Factors associated with increased rates of cesarean section in women of advanced maternal age. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015;37(6):517–526. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Macheku GS, Philemon RN, Oneko O, et al. Frequency, risk factors and feto-maternal outcomes of abruptio placentae in Northern Tanzania: a registry-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:242. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0678-x. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

21. Spiegel E, Kessous R, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Risk factors predicting an emergency cesarean delivery for the second twin after vaginal delivery of the first twin. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;292(3):531–536. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Lindqvist PG, Happach C. Risk and risk estimation of placental abruption. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;126(2):160–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Hamada S, et al. Capable of identifying risk factors for placental abruption. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(1):52–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Gul S, Abrar S, Jamal T, e Rana G, Anam Majid, Iqbal M. Association between placental abruption and caesarean section among patients at Kyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2016;28(1):172–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Furukawa S, Doi K, Furuta K, Sameshima H. The effect of placental abruption on the outcome of extremely premature infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(6):705–708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Gedikbasi A, Akyol A, Asar E, et al. Re-laparotomy after cesarean section: operative complications in surgical delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;278(5):419–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Kessous R, Danor D, Weintraub YA, et al. Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(11):2167–2170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Levin I, Rapaport AS, Salzer L, Maslovitz S, Lessing JB, Almog B. Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(2):163–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Bodelon C, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Schiff MA, Reed SD. Factors associated with peripartum hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(1):115–123. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Friedman AM, Wright JD, Ananth CV, Siddiq Z, D’Alton ME, Bateman BT. Population-based risk for peripartum hysterectomy during low- and moderate-risk delivery hospitalizations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(5):640.e1–640.e8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Chen M, Zhang L, Wei Q, Fu X, Gao Q, Liu X. Peripartum hysterectomy between 2009 and 2010 in Sichuan, China. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;120(2):183–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Kolås T, Øian P, Skjeldestad FE. Risks for perioperative excessive blood loss in cesarean delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(5):658–663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Skjeldestad FE, Oian P. Blood loss after cesarean delivery: a registry-based study in Norway, 1999–2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(1):76.e1–76.e7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Mehrabadi A, Hutcheon JA, Lee L, Kramer MS, Liston RM, Joseph KS. Epidemiological investigation of a temporal increase in atonic postpartum haemorrhage: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 2013;120(7):853–862. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Cortet M, Maucort-Boulch D, Deneux-Tharaux C, et al. Severity of post-partum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery is not predictable from clinical variables available at the time post-partum hemorrhage is diagnosed. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41(2):199–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Ekin A, Gezer C, Solmaz U, Taner CE, Dogan A, Ozeren M. Predictors of severity in primary postpartum hemorrhage. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;292(6):1247–1254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Ehrenthal DB, Chichester ML, Cole OS, Jiang X. Maternal risk factors for peripartum transfusion. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012;21(7):792–797. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Suzuki S, Hiraizumi Y, Miyake H. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion in cesarean deliveries for Japanese twins: comparison with those for singletons. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(6):1363–1367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Mhyre JM, Shilkrut A, Kuklina EV, et al. Massive blood transfusion during hospitalization for delivery in New York State, 1998–2007. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(6):1288–1294. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Wikkelsø AJ, Hjortøe S, Gerds TA, Møller AM, Langhoff-Roos J. Prediction of postpartum blood transfusion–risk factors and recurrence. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(16):1661–1667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Abenhaim HA, Azoulay L, Kramer MS, Leduc L. Incidence and risk factors of amniotic fluid embolisms: a population-based study on 3 million births in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(1):49.e1–49.e8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Spiliopoulos M, Puri I, Jain NJ, Kruse L, Mastrogiannis D, Dandolu V. Amniotic fluid embolism-risk factors, maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(5):439–444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Fong A, Chau CT, Pan D, Ogunyemi DA. Amniotic fluid embolism: antepartum, intrapartum and demographic factors. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(7):793–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Ananth CV, Lavery JA, Vintzileos AM, et al. Severe placental abruption: clinical definition and associations with maternal complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):272.e1–272.e9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Jacobsen AF, Skjeldestad FE, Sandset PM. Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium–a register-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(2):233.e1–233.e7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Bentata Y, Housni B, Mimouni A, Azzouzi A, Abouqal R. Acute kidney injury related to pregnancy in developing countries: etiology and risk factors in an intensive care unit. J Nephrol. 2012;25(5):764–775. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Madan I, Puri I, Jain NJ, Grotegut C, Nelson D, Dandolu V. Characteristics of obstetric intensive care unit admissions in New Jersey. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(9):785–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Srinivas N, Getahun D, Salihu HM. Risk of infant mortality among twins in relation to placental abruption: contributions of preterm birth and restricted fetal growth. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2005;8(5):524–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Levy A, Fraser D, Katz M, Mazor M, Sheiner E. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birth-weight and preterm delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;122(2):182–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Maternal-fetal conditions necessitating a medical intervention resulting in preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1557–1563. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Lo CC, Hsu JJ, Hsieh CC, Hsieh TT, Hung TH. Risk factors for spontaneous preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation among Taiwanese women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;46(4):389–394. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Burton A, Ananth CV. Contributions of ischaemic placental disease to preterm birth in twin gestations. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(10):1183–1186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Gargano JW, Holzman CB, Senagore PK, et al. Evidence of placental haemorrhage and preterm delivery. BJOG. 2010;117(4):445–455. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Auger N, Le TU, Park AL, Luo ZC. Association between maternal comorbidity and preterm birth by severity and clinical subtype: retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:67. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-67. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

55. Tikkanen M, Riihimäki O, Gissler M, et al. Decreasing incidence of placental abruption in Finland during 1980–2005. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(9):1046–1052. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Räisänen S, Gissler M, Saari J, Kramer M, Heinonen S. Contribution of risk factors to extremely, very and moderately preterm births -register-based analysis of 1,390,742 singleton births. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060660. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

57. Bassil KL, Yasseen AS, III, Walker M, et al. The association between obstetrical interventions and late preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(6):538.e1–538.e9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Trønnes H, Wilcox AJ, Lie RT, Markestad T, Moster D. Risk of cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth: a national cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(8):779–785. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Fallahi S, Norouzi S, Aslavi N, Najafian A, Azad M. Investigating the reasons of preterm labor among visitors of Shariati Hospital in Bandar Abbas during 2012 and 2013. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical. Biol Chem Sci. 2015;6:1844–1850. [Google Scholar]

60. Nath CA, Ananth CV, DeMarco C, Vintzileos AM, New Jersey-Placental Abruption Study Investigators Low birthweight in relation to placental abruption and maternal thrombophilia status. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3):293.e1–293.e5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Ofori BD, Le Tiec M, Bérard A. Risk factors associated with preterm birth according to gestational age at birth. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(6):556–564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Joseph KS, Fahey J, Shankardass K, et al. Effects of socioeconomic position and clinical risk factors on spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:117. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-117. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Leal MDC, Esteves-Pereira AP, Nakamura-Pereira M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil. Reprod Health. 2016;13(Suppl 3):127. doi: 10.1186/s12978-016-0230-0. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. Ischemic placental disease: maternal versus fetal clinical presentations by gestational age. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(8):887–893. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS. Placental bed disorders in preterm labor, preterm PROM, spontaneous abortion and abruptio placentae. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;25(3):313–327. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Medically indicated preterm birth: recognizing the importance of the problem. Clin Perinatol. 2008;35(1):53–67. viii. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Ticconi C, Arpino C, Longo B, Mapfumo M. Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Northern Zimbabwe. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;88(2):146–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Ananth CV, Getahun D, Peltier MR, Smulian JC. Placental abruption in term and preterm gestations: evidence for heterogeneity in clinical pathways. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(4):785–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Crippa I, Locatelli A, Consonni S, et al. Infants weighing <1500 g: better born too small or too soon? Am J Perinatol. 2012;29(9):693–698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Anderson NH, Sadler LC, Stewart AW, Fyfe EM, McCowan LM. Independent risk factors for infants who are small for gestational age by customised birthweight centiles in a multi-ethnic New Zealand population. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;53(2):136–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Kobayashi A, Minami S, Tanizaki Y, et al. Adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes in patients with chronic abruption-oligohydramnios sequence. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(6):1618–1624. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Kurtyka K, Gaur S, Mehrotra N, Chandwani S, Janevic T, Demissie K. Adverse outcomes among Asian Indian singleton births in New Jersey, 2008–2011. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(4):1138–1145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Salihu HM, Bekan B, Aliyu MH, Rouse DJ, Kirby RS, Alexander GR. Perinatal mortality associated with abruptio placenta in singletons and multiples. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(1):198–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Getahun D, Ananth CV, Kinzler WL. Risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(6):499–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Stringer EM, Vwalika B, Killam WP, et al. Determinants of stillbirth in Zambia. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(5):1151–1159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Ohana O, Holcberg G, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Risk factors for intrauterine fetal death (1988–2009) J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(9):1079–1083. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Faiz AS, Demissie K, Rich DQ, Kruse L, Rhoads GG. Trends and risk factors of stillbirth in New Jersey 1997–2005. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(6):699–705. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Hu IJ, Chen PC, Jeng SF, et al. A nationwide survey of risk factors for stillbirth in Taiwan, 2001–2004. Pediatr Neonatol. 2012;53(2):105–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Vogel JP, Souza JP, Mori R, et al. WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network Maternal complications and perinatal mortality: findings of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG. 2014;121(Suppl 1):76–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Aagaard-Tillery KM, Holmgren C, Lacoursiere DY, et al. Factors associated with nonanomalous stillbirths: the Utah Stillbirth Database 1992–2002. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(3):849–854. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Shaaban LA, Al-Saleh RA, Alwafi BM, Al-Raddadi RM. Associated risk factors with ante-partum intra-uterine fetal death. Saudi Med J. 2006;27(1):76–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Helgadottir LB, Skjeldestad FE, Jacobsen AF, Sandset PM, Jacobsen EM. Incidence and risk factors of fetal death in Norway: a case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(4):390–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Brailovschi Y, Sheiner E, Wiznitzer A, Shahaf P, Levy A. Risk factors for intrapartum fetal death and trends over the years. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(2):323–329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Al-Kadri HM, Tamim HM. Factors contributing to intra-uterine fetal death. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(5):1109–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Kidanto H, Msemo G, Mmbando D, Rusibamayila N, Ersdal H, Perlman J. Predisposing factors associated with stillbirth in Tanzania. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;130(1):70–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. McDonald SD, Vermeulen MJ, Ray JG. Risk of fetal death associated with maternal drug dependence and placental abruption: a population-based study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29(7):556–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Engel PJ, Smith R, Brinsmead MW, Bowe SJ, Clifton VL. Male sex and pre-existing diabetes are independent risk factors for stillbirth. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;48(4):375–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Hossain N, Khan N, Khan NH. Obstetric causes of stillbirth at low socioeconomic settings. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59(11):744–747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Bhattacharya S, Prescott GJ, Black M, Shetty A. Recurrence risk of stillbirth in a second pregnancy. BJOG. 2010;117(10):1243–1247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Sarkar S, Barks JD, Bapuraj JR, et al. Does phenobarbital improve the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy? J Perinatol. 2012;32(1):15–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. De Lange TE, Budde MP, Heard AR, Tucker G, Kennare R, Dekker GA. Avoidable risk factors in perinatal deaths: a perinatal audit in South Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;48(1):50–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Oliveira LC, Costa AA. Fetal and neonatal deaths among cases of maternal near miss. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2013;59(5):487–494. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Ogawa M, Matsuda Y, Kanda E, et al. Survival rate of extremely low birth weight infants and its risk factors: case-control study in Japan. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:873563. doi: 10.1155/2013/873563. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. Tikkanen M, Luukkaala T, Gissler M, et al. Decreasing perinatal mortality in placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013;92(3):298–305. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Patel S, Clark EAS, Rodriguez CE, Metz TD, Abbaszadeh M, Yoder BA. Effect of umbilical cord milking on morbidity and survival in extremely low gestational age neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(5):519.e1–519.e7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Cetinkaya SE, Okulu E, Soylemez F, et al. Perinatal risk factors and mode of delivery associated with mortality in very low birth weight infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;28:1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Nkwabong E, Kamgnia Nounemi N, Sando Z, Mbu RE, Mbede J. Risk factors and placental histopathological findings of term born low birth weight neonates. Placenta. 2015;36(2):138–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Andreani M, Locatelli A, Assi F, et al. Predictors of umbilical artery acidosis in preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(3):303.e1–303.e5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Sabol BA, Caughey AB. Acidemia in neonates with a 5-minute Apgar score of 7 or greater – What are the outcomes? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(4):486.e1–486.e6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Nelson DB, Lucke AM, McIntire DD, Sánchez PJ, Leveno KJ, Chalak LF. Obstetric antecedents to body-cooling treatment of the newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(2):155.e1–155.e6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Locatelli A, Incerti M, Paterlini G, et al. Antepartum and intra-partum risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy at term. Am J Perinatol. 2010;27(8):649–654. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Nasiell J, Papadogiannakis N, Löf E, Elofsson F, Hallberg B. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns linked to placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(5):721–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Dani C, Poggi C, Bertini G, et al. Method of delivery and intra-ventricular haemorrhage in extremely preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(12):1419–1423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Chen H-J, Wei K-L, Zhou C-L, et al. Incidence of brain injuries in premature infants with gestational age ≤34 weeks in ten urban hospitals in China. World J Pediatr. 2013;9(1):17–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Gouyon JB, Ribakovsky C, Ferdynus C, Quantin C, Sagot P, Gouyon B, Burgundy Perinatal Network Severe respiratory disorders in term neonates. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008;22(1):22–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Luig M, Lui K, NSW & ACT NICUS Group Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis–Part II: Risks and susceptibility of premature infants during the surfactant era: a regional study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41(4):174–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Lee JW, McElrath T, Chen M, et al. Pregnancy disorders appear to modify the risk for retinopathy of prematurity associated with neonatal hyperoxemia and bacteremia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(8):811–818. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Stroustrup A, Trasande L. Demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes of neonates diagnosed with fetomaternal haemorrhage. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(6):F405–F410. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Arcinue R, Kantak A, Elkhwad M. Acute kidney injury in ELBW infants (< 750 grams) and its associated risk factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2015;8(4):349–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Távora AC, Castro AB, Militão MAM, Girão JE, Ribeiro KdeC, Távora LGF. Risk factors for nosocomial infection in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;12(1):75–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Akinloye O, O’Connell C, Allen AC, El-Naggar W. Post-resuscitation care for neonates receiving positive pressure ventilation at birth. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e1057–e1062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Hjern A, Thorngren-Jerneck K. Perinatal complications and socioeconomic differences incerebralpalsy inSweden -a national cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-8-49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

113. Stelmach T, Pisarev H, Talvik T. Ante- and perinatal factors for cerebral palsy: case-control study in Estonia. J Child Neurol. 2005;20(8):654–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Thorngren-Jerneck K, Herbst A. Perinatal factors associated with cerebral palsy in children born in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(6):1499–1505. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Kułak W, Okurowska-Zawada B, Sienkiewicz D, Paszko-Patej G, Krajewska-Kułak E. Risk factors for cerebral palsy in term birth infants. Adv Med Sci. 2010;55(2):216–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Hasegawa J, Toyokawa S, Ikenoue T, et al.Prevention Recurrence Committee, Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy Relevant obstetric factors for cerebral palsy: From the nationwide obstetric compensation system in Japan. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0148122. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

117. Ananth CV, Friedman AM, Lavery JA, VanderWeele TJ, Keim S, Williams MA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children in relation to placental abruption. BJOG. 2016 doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14049. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

118. Whitehead E, Dodds L, Joseph KS, et al. Relation of pregnancy and neonatal factors to subsequent development of childhood epilepsy: a population-based cohort study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1298–1306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Love ER, Crum J, Bhattacharya S. Independent effects of pregnancy induced hypertension on childhood development: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;165(2):219–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Nielsen LF, Schendel D, Grove J, et al. Asphyxia-related risk factors and their timing in spastic cerebral palsy. BJOG. 2008;115(12):1518–1528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Ananth CV, Peltier MR, Chavez MR, Kirby RS, Getahun D, Vintzileos AM. Recurrence of ischemic placental disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(1):128–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Ananth CV, Cnattingius S. Influence of maternal smoking on placental abruption in successive pregnancies: a population-based prospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(3):289–295. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Rasmussen S. Abruptio placentae – relationship with other placental dysfunction related conditions. Nor Epidemiol. 2007;17:191–197. [Google Scholar]

124. Ananth CV, Skjaerven R, Klunssoyr K. Change in paternity, risk of placental abruption and confounding by birth interval: a population-based prospective cohort study in Norway, 1967–2009. BMJ Open. 2015;5(2):e007023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007023. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

125. Ruiter L, Ravelli AC, de Graaf IM, Mol BW, Pajkrt E. Incidence and recurrence rate of placental abruption: a longitudinal linked national cohort study in the Netherlands. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):573.e1–573.e8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Matsaseng T, Bagratee JS, Moodley J. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with previous history of abruptio placentae. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;92(3):253–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Parker SE, Werler MM, Gissler M, Tikkanen M, Ananth CV. Placental abruption and subsequent risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(3):211–219. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Tikkanen M, Nuutila M, Hiilesmaa V, Paavonen J, Ylikorkala O. Prepregnancy risk factors for placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(1):40–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Ananth CV. Ischemic placental disease: a unifying concept for preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and placental abruption. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(3):131–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Roberts JM. Pathophysiology of ischemic placental disease. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38(3):139–145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R, Melve KK. Prior adverse pregnancy outcome and the risk of stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1259–1270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Lockwood CJ, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Mortality of mothers from cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes following pregnancy complications in first delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010;24(4):323–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Ray JG, Schull MJ, Kingdom JC, Vermeulen MJ. Heart failure and dysrhythmias after maternal placental syndromes: HAD MPS Study. Heart. 2012;98(15):1136–1141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

134. Pariente G, Shoham-Vardi I, Kessous R, Sherf M, Sheiner E. Placental abruption as a significant risk factor for long-term cardiovascular mortality in a follow-up period of more than a decade. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(1):32–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Arazi ES, Kessous R, Shoham-Vardi I, Pariente G, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Is there an association between a history of placental abruption and long-term maternal renal complications? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(14):1641–1646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. DeRoo L, Skjærven R, Wilcox A, et al. Placental abruption and long-term maternal cardiovascular disease mortality: a population-based registry study in Norway and Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(5):501–511. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Ray JG, Booth GL, Alter DA, Vermeulen MJ. Prognosis after maternal placental events and revascularization: PAMPER study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(1):106.e1–106.e14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Elsasser DA, Ananth CV, Prasad V, Vintzileos AM, New Jersey-Placental Abruption Study Investigators Diagnosis of placental abruption: relationship between clinical and histopathological findings. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;148(2):125–130. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Qamarunisa MH, Frequency AM. maternal and fetal outcome of abruptio placenta in a rural medical college hospital, Mirpurkhas Sindh. Pak J Med Sci. 2010;26:663–666. [Google Scholar]

140. Naz F, Shakoor U, Sharafat S, Khan S, Iqbal K, Zareen A. Comparison of pregnancy outcome in placenta previa versus placenta abruption. Pakistan J Med Health Sci. 2010;4:149–152. [Google Scholar]

141. Saeed M, Rana T. Fetomaternal outcome in pregnancies complicated with placental abruption. Pakistan J Med Health Sci. 2011;5:140–143. [Google Scholar]

142. Sarwar I, Abbasi Au, Islam A. Abruptio placentae and its complications at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2006;18(1):27–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. Menard MK, Main EK, Currigan SM. Executive summary of the reVITALize initiative: standardizing obstetric data definitions. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(1):150–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Chibwesha CJ, Zanolini A, Smid M, et al. Predictors and outcomes of low birth weight in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;134(3):309–314. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Delorme P, Goffinet F, Ancel P-Y, et al. Cause of preterm birth as a prognostic factor for mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):40–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Yang Y, et al. Birth-related retinal hemorrhages in healthy full-term newborns and their relationship to maternal, obstetric, and neonatal risk factors. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(7):1021–1025. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Obstetrical morbidity incidence and risk estimatesa

Authors, location (year)Inclusion criteria and dates; data sourceSample size (abruptions)CesareanRelaparotomyHysterectomy
Cohort
Gedikbasi et al, Turkey (2008)26All cesarean deliveries, 2002–2006; single site28,799 (547)NR1.5% vs. NR; OR: 15.3 (6.9–33.8)NR
Tucker Edmonds et al, Multistate (2011)14All deliveries, 23–24 wk, 1995–2005; registry8,290 (1,197)48.0 vs. NR; aOR: 2.4 (2.1–2.8)NRNR
Pariente et al, Israel (2011)15All deliveries 1988–2008; single site185,476 (1,365)67.7 vs. 12.8%; OR: 14.3 (12.7–16.0)NR0.4 vs. 0.1%; OR: 7.9 (3.4–18.1)
Chen et al, China (2013)31All deliveries ≥20 wk, 2009–2010; registry34,014 (NR)NRNRPeripartum: NR; aOR: 3.0 (0.7–13.1) NS
Boisramé et al, France (2014)2All deliveries >24 wk, 2003–2012; single site55,926 (247)90.3 vs. 19.8%; NRNRNR
do Nascimento et al, Brazil (2014)16All stillbirths, 2005–2008; single site163 (2)NR; aHR: 45.0 (3.1–654.0)NRNR
Morikawa et al, Japan (2014)17Singleton deliveries ≥30 wk, 2005–2009; multisite293,899 (2,649)71.7 vs. 27.7%; NRNRNR
Räisänen et al, Finland (2014)18Singleton deliveries >22 wk, >500 g, 2000–2010; registry620,463 (NR)Nonplanned, nulliparous: NR; aOR: 29.4 (24.2–35.7) nonplanned, multiparous: NR; aOR: 61.8 (52.9–72.2)NRNR
Janoudi et al, Canada (2015)19All deliveries >20 wk, >500 g, live birth, maternal age ≥20, 2011–2012; single site134,088 (805)NR; RR: 2.31 (2.18–2.45)NRNR
Macheku et al, Tanzania (2015)20All deliveries ≥28 wk, 2000–2010; registry39,993 (112)75.9 vs. 32.4%; aOR: 5.6 (3.6–8.8)NRNR
Spiegel et al, Israel (2015)21All twin deliveries with vaginal delivery of first twin, 1988–2010; single site1966 (25)Emergent delivery of second twin: NR; OR: 3.6 (1.5–8.9)NRNR
Friedman et al, United States (2016)30All deliveries among women with low to moderate risk for peripartum hysterectomy, 1998–2011; registry55,214,208 (573,723)NRNRPeripartum: 0.3 vs. NR; aRR: 2.8 (2.5–3.2)
Gul et al, Pakistan (2016)24All deliveries presenting with antepartum hemorrhage>28 wk, 2011–2013; single site334 (69)36.2 vs. 23.8%; NRNRNR
Case–Control
Lindqvist and Happach, Sweden (2006)22All deliveries, 1992–1999; single site2,483 (112)81.3 vs. 9.4%; NRNRNR
Tikkanen et al, Finland (2006)8All deliveries >22 wk, >500 g, 1997–2001; single site594 (198)91 vs. 24%; OR: 34.7 (20.0–60.1)NRNR
Bodelon et al, Washington (2009)29All deliveries with cases defined as peripartum hysterectomy, 1987–2006; registry4,451 (126)NRNRPeripartum: NR; aOR: 3.2 (1.8–5.8)
Kessous et al, Israel (2012)27All cesarean deliveries, 1989–2009; single site34,469 (1284)NANR; aOR: 3.5 (1.8–6.8)NR
Levin et al, Israel (2012)28All cesarean deliveries, 2000–2010; single site177 (6)NANR; OR: 31.1 (3.2–1531)NR
Hasegawa et al, Japan (2014)23Singleton deliveries >24 wk, 2005–2012; single site738 (123)Emergent: 33.3 vs. 5.5%; NRNRNR
Furukawa et al, Japan (2015)25All deliveries 22–26 wk, admitted to perinatal center, 2000–2010; single site101 (32)56 vs. 67% NS; NRNRNR