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Terms in this set (33)What is the normal volume of urine excreted in a 24-hour period? 0.8-2.0 liters Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be in greater relative concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate. Phosphate ions, sulfate ions, potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine. Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be in lesser concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate. Water, sodium ions, amino acids, glucose. Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be absent from both the urine and the glomerular filtrate. Albumin, red blood cells, pus (WBCs), nitrites. Explain why urinalysis is a routine part of any good physical examination. Finding "abnormal" constituents in the urine may indicate pathology. What substance is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine? Urochrome Which has a greater specific gravity: 1 ml of urine or 1 ml of distilled water? & Explain your answer. 1 ml of urine. Urine contains dissolved solutes, which are not found in distilled water and add to the density of the sample. Explain the relationship between the color, specific gravity, and volume of urine. Generally, the smaller the volume, the greater the specific gravity (more solutes/volume) and the deeper the color. Name three constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists. WBCs (pus), RBCs, and casts. How does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH? Becomes alkaline How does starvation influence urine pH? Becomes acidic. All urine specimens become alkaline and cloudy on standing at room temperature. Explain why. This is a result of bacterial metabolism of urinary components. Hematuria Presence of erythrocytes in the urine. Hemoglobinuria Presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Glycosuria Presence of glucose in the urine. Albuminuria Presence of albumin in the urine. Ketonuria Presence of ketone bodies (acetone and others) in the urine. Pyuria Presence of pus (white blood cells) in the urine. What are renal calculi, and what conditions favor their formation? Kidney stones; urinary retention, urinary tract infection, alkaline urine. Glucose and albumin are both normally absent in the urine, but the reason for their exclusion differs. Explain the reason for the absence of glucose. It is completely reabsorbed (unless present in the blood in excessive levels) Explain the reason for the absence of albumin. It is too large to pass through the filtration membrane. Select and list all conditions associated with low specific gravity. Diabetes insipidus. Select and list all conditions associated with high specific gravity. Diabetes mellitus, gonorrhea, pyelonephritis. Select and list all conditions associated with glucose Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, eating a 5-kb box of sweets for lunch. Select and list all conditions associated with albumin Glomerulonephritis, pregnancy, exertion. Select and list all conditions associated with blood cells Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), kidney stones. Select and list all conditions associated with hemoglobin Hemolytic anemias. Select and list all conditions associated with bilirubin Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver. Select and list all conditions associated with ketone bodies Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), Diabetes mellitus, starvation. Select and list all conditions associated with casts Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis. Select and list all conditions associated with pus Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), gonorrhea, pyelonephritis. Name the three major nitrogenous waster found in the urine. Urea, uric acid, and creatine. Explain the difference between organized and unorganized sediments. Organized sediments (such as certain salts and uric acid) crystallize or precipitate out of solution, whereas unorganized sediments contain cellular elements (WBCs, epithelial cells, etc.).
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What is renal calculi in biology?Renal Calculi, also called Kidney Stones, are a solid mass of crystals that block the urinary tract. These crystals are primarily formed when calcium and oxalate coalesce. These stones originate in the kidney and exit through the urine system.
Where are renal calculi most commonly formed?Most kidney stones form on the interior surface of the kidney, where urine leaves the kidney tissue and enters the urinary collecting system. Kidney stones can be small, like a tiny pebble or grain of sand, but are often much larger.
What is the most important factor in renal calculus formation?The single most important determinant of stone formation is low fluid intake. A low fluid intake results in the production of concentrated urine, causing supersaturation and crystallisation of stone–forming compounds. In addition, low urine flow rates favour crystal deposition on the urothelium.
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What are renal calculi and what conditions favor their formation
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