Three classes of non-functional requirements: Non-functional requirements may be very difficult to state precisely and imprecise requirements may be difficult to verify. If they are stated as a goal (a general intention of the user such as ease of use), they should be rewritten as a verifiable non-functional requirement (a statement using some quantifiable metric that can be objectively tested). Goals are helpful to developers as they convey the intentions of the system users. The system's operational domain imposes requirements on the system. Domain requirements may be new functional or non-functional requirements, constraints on existing requirements, or define specific computations. If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system may be unworkable. Two main problems with domain requirements: Processes vary widely depending on the application domain, the people involved and the organization developing the requirements. In practice, requirements engineering is an iterative process, in which the following generic activities are interleaved: Software engineers work with a range of system stakeholders to find out about the application domain, the services that the system should provide, the required system performance, hardware constraints, other systems, etc. Stages include: Closed (based on pre-determined list of questions) and open interviews with stakeholders are a part of the RE process. User stories and scenarios are real-life examples of how a system can be used, which are usually easy for stakeholders to understand. Scenarios should include descriptions of the starting situation, normal flow of events, what can go wrong, other concurrent activities, the state of the system when the scenario finishes. Use-cases are a scenario-based technique in the UML which identify the actors in an interaction and which describe the interaction itself. A set of use cases should describe all possible interactions with the system. Problems to look for during requirements elicitation and analysis:
Requirements specification is the process of writing down the user and system requirements in a requirements document. User requirements have to be understandable by end-users and customers who do not have a technical background. System requirements are more detailed requirements and may include more technical information. The requirements may be part of a contract for the system development and it is important that these are as complete as possible. In principle, requirements should state what the system should do and the design should describe how it does this. In practice, requirements and design are inseparable. User requirements are almost always written in natural language supplemented by appropriate diagrams and tables in the requirements document. System requirements may also be written in natural language but other notations based on forms, graphical system models, or mathematical system models can also be used. Natural language is expressive, intuitive and universal. This means that the requirements can be understood by users and customers. Structured natural language is a way of writing system requirements where the freedom of the requirements writer is limited and all requirements are written in a standard way. This approach maintains most of the expressiveness and understand-ability of natural language but ensures that some uniformity is imposed on the specification. Requirements validation is concerned with demonstrating that the requirements define the system that the customer really wants. Requirements error costs are high so validation is very important. What problems to look for:
Requirements validation techniques: Requirements reviews Systematic manual analysis of the requirements. Regular reviews should be held while the requirements definition is being formulated. What to look for:
Requirements management is the process of managing changing requirements during the requirements engineering process and system development. New requirements emerge as a system is being developed and after it has gone into use. Reasons why requirements change after the system's deployment:
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