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Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it denies authors or creators of content the credit they are due. Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in scholarship (see APA Ethics Code Standard 8.11, Plagiarism). Writers who plagiarize disrespect the efforts of original authors by failing to acknowledge their contributions, stifle further research by preventing readers from tracing ideas back to their original sources, and unfairly disregard those who exerted the effort to complete their own work.
To avoid plagiarism, provide appropriate credit to your sources by adding author–date in-text citations for direct quotations and ideas (e.g., credit the originators of theories). If you model a study after one conducted by someone else, give credit to the author of the original study. If you wish to reprint or adapt tables, figures, and images or to reprint long quotations or commercially copyrighted test items, you must provide more comprehensive credit in the form of a copyright attribution and may need permission from the copyright holder to use the materials. Even images from the internet that are free or licensed in the Creative Commons need a copyright attribution if you are reproducing them in your paper. For more information about copyright and permissions, see Sections 12.14–12.18 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.).
Although many cases of plagiarism are straightforward (e.g., passages of text copied from another source without attribution), other cases are more challenging to evaluate. Usually, using incorrect citations (e.g., misspelling an author’s name, forgetting or mistyping an element in a reference list entry, or citing a source in the text that does not have a corresponding reference list entry) is not considered plagiarism if the error is minor and attributable to an editorial oversight rather than an intentional attempt to steal someone’s ideas. However, such errors may still result in deductions on an academic assignment or a request for revision of a manuscript submitted for publication. Publishers and educators may use plagiarism-checking software (e.g., iThenticate, Turnitin) to identify cases in which entire papers have been copied, passages of specified lengths match, or a few words have been changed but content is largely the same (the latter is known as patchwriting).
Self-plagiarism is the presentation of your own previously published work as original; like plagiarism, self-plagiarism is unethical. Self-plagiarism deceives readers by making it appear that more information is available on a topic than really exists. It gives the impression that findings are more replicable than is the case or that particular conclusions are more strongly supported than is warranted by the evidence. It may lead to copyright violations if you publish the same work with multiple publishers (sometimes called duplicate publication).
Some institutions may consider it self-plagiarism if a student submits a paper written for one class to complete an assignment for another class without permission from the current instructor. Using the same paper in multiple classes may violate the academic integrity policy, honor code, or ethics code of the university. However, incorporating previous classwork into one’s thesis or dissertation and building on one’s own existing writing may be permissible; students who wish to do this should discuss their ideas with their instructor or advisor and follow their university’s honor code, ethics code, or academic policies when reusing their previous work. In specific circumstances, authors may wish to duplicate their previously used words without quotation marks or citation (e.g., in describing the details of an instrument or an analytic approach), feeling that extensive self-referencing is undesirable or awkward and that rewording may lead to inaccuracies. When the duplicated material is limited in scope, this approach is permissible. General guidelines for using an acceptable amount of duplicated material are in the Publication Manual in Sections 1.16 and 8.3.
An exception to the prohibition against self-plagiarism is publishing a work of limited circulation in a venue of wider circulation. For example, authors may publish their doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in whole or in part in one or more journal articles. In such cases, authors would not cite their dissertation or thesis in the article text but rather acknowledge in the author note that the work was based on their dissertation or thesis. Similarly, an article based on research the authors described in an abstract published in a conference program or proceeding does not usually constitute duplicate publication. The author should acknowledge previous presentation of the research in the article’s author note. Seek clarification from your journal editor or course instructor if you are concerned about duplicate publication or self-plagiarism.
Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers? Using the same content in multiple papers is deceptive if it is not properly disclosed to journal editors or other relevant entities. What is true regarding research misconduct?Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct? Falsification involves purposefully manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. What is the primary criterion for authorship? The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND. Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers?Comment : The corresponding author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers. What is the responsibility of each author?“Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception OR design of the work; OR the acquisition, analysis, OR interpretation of data; OR have drafted the work or substantively revised it; AND to have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the … Which author is normally responsible? Your answer : The author who has made the most significant contribution. Correct Answer : The corresponding author. Comment : The corresponding author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers. What is the main function of the Bayh Dole Act of 1980?The Bayh-Dole Act, formerly known as the Patent and Trademark Act Amendments, is a federal law enacted in 1980 that enables universities, nonprofit research institutions and small businesses to own, patent and commercialize inventions developed under federally funded research programs within their organizations. What are the three main goals of data lifecycle management?The three main goals of data life cycle management are CONFIDENTIALITY, AVAILABILITY AND INTEGRITY. Which of the following is the main reason why proper training in euthanasia? Which of the following is the main reason why proper training in euthanasia techniques is important? Improper techniques can cause unnecessary pain and distress in animals. To decrease the use of animals in research and to minimize pain and distress caused by animal experiments. Which of the following is the clearest example of Macroethical issue?Which of the following is the clearest example of a macroethical issue? Balancing risks and benefits from nanotechnology research. Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence can be applied?Which of the following is an example of how the principle of beneficence can be applied to a study employing human subjects? Determining that the study has a maximization of benefits and a minimization of risks. The Belmont principle of beneficence requires that: Potential benefits justify the risks of harm. Which is an example of a situation where deferential vulnerability might be a factor? Examples might include young children, or adults with cognitive impairments that affect decision making. 2. Situational cognitive vulnerability – subjects do not lack capacity, but are in situations that do not allow them to exercise their capacities effectively. What are inducements in research?Page 35. Undue Inducement. “Payment in money or in kind to research. subjects should not be so large as to persuade them to take undue risks or volunteer against their better judgment. Payments or rewards that undermine a person’s capacity to exercise free choice invalidate consent.” What is the term for management controls that are built in to a research study for example independent data analysis )?What is the term for management controls that are built in to a research study (for example, independent data analysis)? Inherent controls. An example of an individual financial COI is: A researcher’s wife holds equity in a publicly traded pharmaceutical company that is also the sponsor of the researcher’s study. What statement about risks in social and behavioral sciences research is most accurate? What statement about risks in social and behavioral sciences research is most accurate: Risks are specific to time, situation, and culture. The primary purpose of a Certificate of Confidentiality is to: Protect identifiable research information from compelled disclosure. What is an expedited review?Expedited review involves a review of a proposal by a subset of the IRB that includes the Chair and at least one other board member. Expedited review does not mean a quick review; the IRB determined whether a project requires expedited or full review. What is the primary purpose of a certificate of confidentiality?Certificates of Confidentiality are issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other HHS agencies to protect identifiable research information from forced or compelled disclosure. Can investigator B use the specimens for cancer research without re consent if the specimens are de identified? Can Investigator B use the specimens for cancer research without re-consent if the specimens are de-identified? Yes, if the biospecimens are de-identified then the research is no longer considered human subjects research. What is an appropriate method for maintaining confidentiality of private information?What is an appropriate method for maintaining confidentiality of private information obtained from human subjects? Keeping data in a password-protected database. Storing data in a secured cabinet. Coding data or specimens and keeping the key to the code in a separate location. For which types of studies must consent forms be posted on a public web site?Clinical Trial Informed Consent Form Posting (45 CFR 46.116(h)) The revised Common Rule requires that for any clinical trial conducted or supported by a Common Rule department or agency, one consent form be posted on a publicly available federal website within a specific time frame. |
Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers?
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