What are the red berries on Christmas wreaths called?

Before holly was hung in houses to accompany Christmas trees, it was considered to be a sacred plant by the Druids. While other plants wilted in winter weather, holly remained green and strong, its berries a brightly colored red in the harshest of conditions.

The Druids regarded holly as a symbol of fertility and eternal life, thought to have magical powers. In Druid lore, cutting down a holly tree would bring bad luck. In contrast, hanging the plant in homes was believed to bring good luck and protection. Holly was also thought to protect homes against lightning strikes. Romans associated holly with Saturn, the god of agriculture and harvest, and decked the halls with its boughs during the festival of Saturnalia.

Early Christian calendars mark Christmas Eve as templa exornatur, meaning “churches are decked,” though supposedly Saturnalia celebrators didn’t allow some Christians to hang boughs in honor of Christmas. Christians adopted the holly tradition from Druid, Celtic and Roman traditions, and its symbolism changed to reflect Christian beliefs.

Today, Christians consider holly symbolic of Jesus Christ in two ways. The red berries represent the blood that Jesus shed on the cross on the day he was crucified. Legend states that holly berries were originally white, but that the blood Christ shed for the sins of humankind stained the berries forever red. A holly’s pointed leaves symbolize the crown of thorns placed on Jesus’ head before he died on the cross.

Holly is known as christdorn in German, meaning “Christ thorn.” Both of these symbols are meant to serve as a reminder to Christians of Jesus’ suffering, but they aren’t the only stories tying holly to Jesus. One claims that the cross on which Jesus was crucified was constructed of holly.  Another says that holly sprang up from his footsteps. Less common symbolism includes the holly’s white blossoms representing purity, and the idea that if the holly used to decorate a home for Christmas is prickly, the man will rule the house for the coming year; but if the holly used is smooth, the woman will rule.

When you come to the end of the wreath, tuck the last bunch under the tops of the leaves of the first bunch then wrestle with the twine and the pointy leaves until you have that last bunch secured. Tie it in a few knots to ensure that everything stays in place.

Now have a quick look at the wreath. Are there any unruly bits? Use your pruners to shape the wreath and tame down some of the wild branches.

Hang your wreath up and have a good look at it. Is there more trimming to be done? Are there more berries needed or is there a bare spot? Taking time to make these adjustments will make the most refined wreath.

Finally, hang your wreath where you are sure to enjoy it most or to create a festive welcome to your guests.

For more inspiration on making fresh wreaths, check out this collection of my wreaths over the years using hydrangeas, lavender, evergreens, eucalyptus, hops, air plants, succulents, and more!

There’s a reason that decorating with fresh greenery and seasonal fruits, nuts, and berries for the holidays has as much appeal today as it did in winter festivals of centuries past. Boughs from trees such as magnolia, garland of pine branches strung together and sprigs from rosemary and other fragrant herbs represent everlasting life and hope for the return of spring.

In the Southern United States, greenery has been used for decorations since colonial times. The practice didn't come into use in the North until the 1800s. Perhaps one of the best glimpses into traditional ways of using greenery to create effective holiday decorations can be seen by taking a Christmas-time stroll down Duke of Gloucester Street in restored Williamsburg, Virginia.

During the holidays, windows are decorated with greenery, and wreaths on the doors are laden with apples, pineapples, and other fruit. The natural decorations are a tradition historians believe the first settlers brought with them from England. While today’s decorations in Virginia’s colonial capital are more elaborate than those that would have been used 400 years ago, they are an inspiring guide to how we can make traditional wreaths, garlands, and other decorations from the bounty of our gardens.

How to Find Greenery

Start in your own garden. You won't find fresher greenery at a better price than the trees, bushes and vines outside your front or back door. And, if you are an avid gardener, the selection of unusual plants will likely be far better than you can find from a commercial vendor. Another bonus by making cuttings from your own garden is that the colors, forms and textures of today’s modern hybrids will reflect your tastes and personality.

There are several things to remember when cutting your own garland and trimmings:

• Not all holiday greenery is truly "green." The spikey foliage of Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), for example, may have a grey or blue cast with a slight bronzing of the tips in winter
• When removing limbs and stems, you are pruning the plants. Give careful consideration to what you cut and what you leave. The goal is to trim the plant in a manner that helps it keep its natural form.
• You may spot the bright red berries of nandina in a neighbor's yard. Or they may have a magnolia tree whose glossy green leaves would be perfect for decorating your mantle. Always ask permission before trimming someone else's plants!
• Don't cut greenery from parks or other public lands, no matter how tempting.
• If you see specimens growing in other gardens you would like to use for holiday decorations, consider purchasing similar varieties for your garden next spring.

Types of Greenery to Use in Holiday Decor

Many different kinds of greenery can be used for holiday decorations. Pines, firs, and cedars work well indoors because they dry out slowly and hold their needles best at warm interior temperatures. They may last for several weeks if properly treated and cared for. Spraying holiday greenery with an anti-transpirant, for example, will help preserve it. Anti-transpirants reduce the amount of transpiration, or water loss from plant leaves, and are available from garden centers, hardware stores and can sometimes be found at Christmas tree lots. Hemlock, spruces, and most broadleaf evergreens will last longer if used outdoors.

Here are some suggested varieties to use in holiday decorating:

Boxwood

This small-leafed shrub is a longtime favorite for fine-textured wreaths and garland. It has an aroma that is either loved or hated, so be sure of your reaction before bringing it indoors!

Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana)

This native juniper (above) may have a grey or blue cast with a slight bronzing of the tips in the winter. Avoid spraying with anti-transpirant — which help keep foliage from drying out too quickly —because it tends to darken the foliage. The branches have a wonderful cedar scent and produce an abundance of light blue berries.

Firs

All firs have a wonderful scent and good tolerance of hot, dry indoor conditions. The needles are short and flat with excellent color and needle retention. Fraser fir wreaths and swags are commonly available from commercial sources.

Florida-anise tree (Illicium floridanum)

This often under-appreciated shrub is great when used as a holiday decoration because of its aromatic foliage. The plant’s unusual greenery may need a little more care to remain fresh, so it is helpful to provide moisture to the stems after cutting to keep them looking their best.

Holly

This most traditional holiday greenery comes in several forms, both green and variegated. Female plants display bright red berries. Make sure that holly does not freeze after cutting, or the leaves and berries may blacken.

Ivy

This vigorous vine is readily available in many yards. It makes an excellent green for holiday arrangements and is especially effective in raised containers from which the vines can tumble over the edges. The cut ends must be kept in water, though, or the leaves will quickly wilt.

Junipers

The fragrant, short, green, or silver-blue foliage frequently has the added attraction of small blue berries. The needles are often sticky.

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia)

The state flower of Pennsylvania, mountain laurel is a traditional favorite for wreaths and garlands in the areas where it grows naturally. As with other broad-leaved evergreens, however, laurel holds up best when used outdoors.

White pine (Pinus storbus)

The soft, bluish-green, long needles are beautiful in their own right, but the cones the plant produces add an extra element of interest. The foliage is often wired into roping to hang indoors and outdoors. Use restraint, however, when applying anti-transpirant to pines because it can cause the delicate needles to stick together.

Southern magnolia

(Magnolia grandiflora): The large leaves are a glossy, dark green that contrast well with the velvety, brown undersides. Magnolia leaves make stunning wreaths and bases for large decorations. The leaves hold up very well even without water. Avoid spraying anti-transpirant on the undersides of the leaves because it will ruin the beautiful fuzzy texture.

Spruce

Wreaths are the main use for spruce greens. The branches are stiff with short, sharp needles. Blue spruce is especially attractive because of its color, and it holds its needles better than other spruces. Needle retention is poorer on spruce than on other conifers. It also produces cones that can be used to embellish decorations. The foliage can be wired into roping to hang indoors and outdoors. Use restraint when applying anti-transpirant because it can cause the delicate needles to stick together.

True cedars

Deodar cedar, blue Atlas cedar, and cedar-of-Lebanon all have a wonderful fragrance. If small male cones are present, spray them with lacquer or acrylic to prevent the messy release of pollen that will occur at room temperature.

Virginia pine

(Pinus virginiana): This native pine has shorter, coarser needles than white pine, and is long-lasting with excellent needle retention.

Get creative

Some other excellent evergreens that can be used for holiday greenery include arborvitae, ligustrum, pittosporum, podocarpus, viburnum, cypress, nandina, Japanese cedar, and hemlock.

Berries and Nuts to Decorate With

Some plants that aren’t evergreens make excellent accents to holiday arrangements. Consider red twig dogwood (Cornus sericea) and yellow twig dogwood (Cornus sericea ‘Flaviramea’), whose stems are brilliant red and bright yellow. They are extremely effective as strong vertical elements. When the deciduous shrub winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) loses its leaves in the fall, it exposes stems that are covered in bright red berries that put on a seasonal display that can't be beaten.

The gold-apricot berries of the ‘Winter Gold’ winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) offer a contrasting alternative to red berries, too. Additionally, sprays of berries, dried flowers, cones, and seed pods add color and contrasting texture to holiday decorations. How you use these is limited only by your imagination and creativity. The possibilities include:

• Acorns
• Bittersweet
• Holly berries
• Hydrangea blossoms
• Lotus seed pods
• Magnolia pods
• Mistletoe
• Nandina berries
• Pecans
• Pine cones (above)
• Pyracantha
• Reindeer moss
• Rose hips
• Sweet gum balls
• Wax myrtle berries

Keeping Greenery Safe and Fresh

Here are some tips for keeping greenery from becoming a fire hazard and looking as fresh as possible as long as possible.

• Make sure you have several sizes of cutters. Small clippers won't cut through magnolia boughs.
• Clean and sharpen the blades.
• Fill a bucket with water before starting. Put cut the freshly cut ends into the water and store them out of direct sunlight in a cool dry place such as an unheated garage until you are ready to use them.
• Crush the ends of woody stems. This will allow the cut end to take in more water.
• Soak the greenery in water overnight by immersing it in water. This allows the cuttings to absorb the maximum amount of moisture.
• Allow the foliage to dry and then spray it with an anti-transpirant. Do not use anti-transpirants on juniper berries, cedar, or blue spruce, because they can damage the wax coating that gives these plants their distinctive color.
• Store finished wreaths, garlands, and arrangements in a cool location until you are ready to place them in your home.
• Do not place fresh greenery and fruits near doors or windows that get direct sunlight or close to candles or near heat vents.
• Have a backup plan to replace greenery and fruits during the holidays if they become less than fresh. A simple way to check for freshness every few days is to bend needles and leaves. They should be flexible and not break or crack. When removing greenery, put it in compost piles or place it by the curb for recycling.

Plant Toxicity

When using natural decorations, bear in mind that some popular berry-producing plants can present poisoning hazards for small children and pets. Hollies, yews, mistletoe, ivy, Jerusalem cherry, bittersweet, and crown of thorns all produce poisonous berries. The pearly white berries of mistletoe are particularly toxic. Keep all these plants out of the reach of inquisitive children and curious pets and be sure to pick up and discard any berries that may fall off during the decorating process.

Warning

For more information about the safety of specific plants for your pets, consult the ASPCA's searchable database.

Plan Ahead

In the spring when your garden comes back to life and you visit nurseries shopping for plants, think about those that have colors, textures, and berries that would add charm and appeal to your Christmas decorations. What could be better than a garden with year-round appeal?

What kind of berries are on Christmas wreaths?

What are the Christmas red berries called?