Native American The U.S. establishes first Native American reservation and policy of dealing with each tribe as an independent nation.
The federal government requires two years of residency for naturalization
African American Congress bans importation of slaves.
African American The American Colonization Society forms—assists in repatriating free African Americans to a Liberian colony on the west coast of Africa.
Congress establishes reporting on immigration.
African American The Compromise of 1820 admits Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state and prohibits slavery in territories north of Missouri.
Native American Congress passes the Removal Act, forcing Native Americans to settle in Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Native American Cherokee Indians forced on thousand-mile march to the established Indian Territory. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees die on this "Trail of Tears."
Irish Potato crop fails in Ireland sparking the Potato Famine which kills one million and prompts almost 500,000 to immigrate to America over the next five years.
Mexican The Mexican-American War ends: U.S. acquires additional territory and people under its jurisdiction.
Chinese The California Gold Rush sparks first mass immigration from China.
African American The Compromise of 1850 includes the Fugitive Slave Act, a law designed to assist in the recovery of runaway slaves by increasing federal officers and denying fugitive slaves a right to a jury trial.
African American Supreme Court's Dred Scott Decision declares blacks are not U.S. citizens; rules 1820 Missouri Compromise's ban on slavery in the territories unconstitutional.
Polish & Russian Poland's religious and economic conditions prompt immigration of approximately two million Poles by 1914.
African American Abraham Lincoln takes the presidential oath of office. The Southern Confederacy ratifies a new Constitution and elects Jefferson Davis as the first Confederate president. The Civil War begins with Confederate soldiers firing upon Fort Sumter.
The Homestead Act of 1862 allows for any individual, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or country of origin, over the age of 21 or head of household to claim up to 160 acres of free land if they have lived on it for five years and made the required agricultural improvements.
African American
The Union Army permits black men to enlist as laborers, cooks, teamsters, and servants.
African American The Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery and permits African-American men to join the Union Army.
Congress legalizes the importation of contract laborers.
Native American
Thousands of Navajo Indians endure the "Long Walk," a three-hundred mile forced march from a Southwest Indian territory to Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
African AmericanThe 14th Amendment of the Constitution endows African Americans with citizenship.
Native American
A clause in the 14th Amendment "excluding Indians not taxed" prevents Native-American men from receiving the right to vote.
Japanese
Japanese laborers arrive in Hawaii to work in sugar cane fields.
African American The 15th Amendment of the Constitution provides African-American males with the right to vote.
Chinese California Senate committee investigates the "social, moral, and political effect of Chinese immigration."
Chinese United States Congress investigates the criminal influence of Chinese immigrants.
Italian Italy's troubled economy, crop failures, and political climate begin the start of mass immigration with nearly four million Italian immigrants arriving in the United States.
Polish & Russian The assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881 prompts civil unrest and economic instability throughout Russia.
Polish & RussianRussia's May Laws severely restrict the ability of Jewish citizens to live and work in Russia. The country's instability prompts more than three million Russians to immigrate to the United States over three decades.
Chinese
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
Congress bans the admission of contract laborers.
Native American The Dawes Act dissolves many Indian reservations in United States.
Native American Unoccupied lands in Oklahoma are made available to white settlers.
African American The Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that "separate but equal" accommodations for African Americans and whites are Constitutional. This decision allows for legalized segregation.
Cuban & Puerto Rican The Spanish-American War begins with a naval blockade of Cuba and attacks on the island. The four-month conflict ends with Cuba's independence and the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam.
Cuban & Puerto Rican Congress establishes a civil government in Puerto Rico and the Jones Act grants U.S. citizenship to island inhabitants. U.S. citizens can travel freely between the mainland and the island without a passport.
The United States and Japan form a "Gentleman's Agreement" in which Japan ends issuance of passports to laborers and the U.S. agrees not to prohibit Japanese immigration.
Mexican The Dillingham Commission identifies Mexican laborers as the best solution to the Southwest labor shortage. Mexicans are exempted from immigrant "head taxes" set in 1903 and 1907.
Japanese California's Alien Land Law rules that aliens "ineligible to citizenship" were ineligible to own agricultural property.
German The U.S. enters World War I and anti-German sentiment swells at home. The names of schools, foods, streets, towns, and even some families, are changed to sound less Germanic.
Japanese The Supreme Court rules in Ozawa v. United States that first-generation Japanese are ineligible for citizenship and cannot apply for naturalization.
JapaneseImmigration Act of 1924 establishes fixed quotas of national origin and eliminates Far East immigration.
Native American
President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill granting Native Americans full citizenship.
Congress makes annual immigration quotas permanent.
JapaneseJapan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii galvanizes America's war effort. More than 1,000 Japanese-American community leaders are incarcerated because of national security.
African American
President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802, forbidding discrimination in federal hiring, job-training programs, and defense industries. The newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission investigates discrimination against black employees.
JapanesePresident Franklin Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, authorizing the building of "relocation camps" for Japanese Americans living along the Pacific Coast.
Mexican
Congress allows for importation of agricultural workers from within North, Central, and South America. The Bracero Program allows Mexican laborers to work in the U.S.
Chinese The Magnuson Act of 1943 repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, establishes quotas for Chinese immigrants, and makes them eligible for U.S. citizenship.
The United States admits persons fleeing persecution in their native lands; allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within two years.
Japanese
The Supreme Court rules that California's Alien Land Laws prohibiting the ownership of agricultural property violates the Constitution's 14th Amendment.
Native American Bureau of Indian Affairs terminates federal services for Native Americans in lieu of state supervision.
The Immigration and Nationality Act allows individuals of all races to be eligible for naturalization. The act also reaffirms national origins quota system, limits immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere while leaving the Western Hemisphere unrestricted, establishes preferences for skilled workers and relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens; and tightens security and screening standards and procedures.
Native American
The Bureau of Indian Affairs begins selling 1.6 million acres of Native American land to developers.
Congress amends the 1948 refugee policy to allow for the admission of 200,000 more refugees.
African American The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education that "separate but equal" educational facilities are unconstitutional.
Cuban & Puerto Rican Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution prompts mass exodus of more than 200,000 people within three years.
Cuban & Puerto Rican The Cuban Refugee Program handles influx of immigrants to Miami with 300,000 immigrants relocated across the U.S. during the next two decades.
African American The Civil Rights Acts ensures voting rights and prohibits housing discrimination.
ChineseThe Immigration Act of 1965 abolishes quota system in favor of quota systems with 20,000 immigrants per country limits. Preference is given to immediate families of immigrants and skilled workers.
Cuban & Puerto Rican
"Freedom flight" airlifts begin for Cuban refugees assisting more than 260,000 people over the next eight years.
Mexican
The Bracero Program ends after temporarily employing almost 4.5 million Mexican nationals.
Cuban & Puerto Rican The Cuban Refugee Act permits more than 400,000 people to enter the United States.
The Refugee Act redefines criteria and procedures for admitting refugees.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) legalizes illegal aliens residing in the U.S. unlawfully since 1982.
Japanese The Civil Liberties Act provides compensation of $20,000 and a presidential apology to all Japanese-American survivors of the World War II internment camps.
Japanese A memorial honoring Japanese-American veterans and detainees opens on the edge of the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C.
