Each of the following statements concerning the tracheal cartilages is true EXCEPT

Which list shows the correct sequence air travels to get from the nasal cavity to the trachea?

-nasal cavity, larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, trachea
-nasal cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea
-nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea
-nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, trachea

Abstract

Respiration is a term that is variously applied to the acts of inhalation and exhalation, to the movement of gas molecules in the lungs between alveolar air and blood in the alveolar capillaries, to the exchange of dissolved gases in the tissues between the systemic capillaries and the surrounding interstitial fluid and to the process conducted within the mitochondria of cells that results in the production of ATP (and CO2) from small organic molecules by using O2. The respiratory system is a set of tubes that branch to increase in number and decrease in size, within an elastic structure that is moved by muscles. The lungs and chest wall together act like a bellows to move air into and out of the alveoli. The epithelial cells of the walls of the alveoli are part of the respiratory membrane that separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the alveolar capillaries. The endothelial cells of the capillary walls are also part of the respiratory membrane.

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1. College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Clarence Park, SA, Australia

   Martin Caon

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1. Martin Caon

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Caon, M. (2020). Respiratory System. In: Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47314-3_13

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• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47314-3_13

• Published: 04 August 2020

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Bronchi and Bronchial Tree

In the mediastinum, at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi. The bronchi branch into smaller and smaller passageways until they terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

The cartilage and mucous membrane of the primary bronchi are similar to that in the trachea. As the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles. As the cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases. The mucous membrane also undergoes a transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium.

The alveolar ducts and alveoli consist primarily of simple squamous epithelium, which permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries occurs across the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Lungs

The two lungs, which contain all the components of the bronchial tree beyond the primary bronchi, occupy most of the space in the thoracic cavity. The lungs are soft and spongy because they are mostly air spaces surrounded by the alveolar cells and elastic connective tissue. They are separated from each other by the mediastinum, which contains the heart. The only point of attachment for each lung is at the hilum, or root, on the medial side. This is where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter the lungs.

The right lung is shorter, broader, and has a greater volume than the left lung. It is divided into three lobes and each lobe is supplied by one of the secondary bronchi. The left lung is longer and narrower than the right lung. It has an indentation, called the cardiac notch, on its medial surface for the apex of the heart. The left lung has two lobes.

Each lung is enclosed by a double-layered serous membrane, called the pleura. The visceral pleura is firmly attached to the surface of the lung. At the hilum, the visceral pleura is continuous with the parietal pleura that lines the wall of the thorax. The small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is the pleural cavity. It contains a thin film of serous fluid that is produced by the pleura. The fluid acts as a lubricant to reduce friction as the two layers slide against each other, and it helps to hold the two layers together as the lungs inflate and deflate.

Which of the following is not part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system group of answer choices?

Which one of the following is not part of the lower respiratory system?

Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract check all that apply?