What is the term for the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

Which is the CORRECT statement about self-esteem? A) Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative. B) High self-esteem children don't engage in antisocial actions. C) Self-esteem research is experimental in methodology.

D) There are high correlations between school performance and self-esteem.

A) Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative.

Erikson's stage describing socioemotional development for people in middle and late childhood is called A) integrity versus despair. B) initiative versus guilt. C) industry versus inferiority.

D) identity versus identity confusion.

C) industry versus inferiority.

Which of the following is an important developmental change in emotions during the elementary school years? A) decreased ability to understand complex emotions B) small improvements in the ability to suppress positive emotions C) increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions

D) unable to redirect feelings

C) increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called A) self-efficacy. B) self-esteem. C) self-determinism.

D) self-concept.

hich of the following is recommended for parents, teachers, and other care-givers of children who are coping with a stressful event? A) Reassure children of their safety and security. B) Do not allow children to retell events. C) Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations.

D) Help children make sense of what happened.

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development involves a personal moral code? A) preconventional B) postconventional C) conventional

D) All of Kohlberg's stages involve a personal moral code.

According to Kohlberg, in the __________ stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment. A) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B) social systems morality C) universal ethical principles

D) heteronomous morality

Carol Gilligan's central criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that A) the theory reflects a gender bias. B) the theory overemphasizes the role of cognition. C) the theory underemphasizes the role of behavior.

D) the theory overestimates the role of culture and family.

A) the theory reflects a gender bias.

The moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes communication, relationships with, and concern for others is called A) the connection perspective. B) the care perspective. C) relationship emphasis.

D) the justice perspectives.

Which type of aggression comprises a greater percentage of girls' overall aggression? A) physical B) verbal C) relational

D) emotional

According to your textbook, which of these statements regarding gender roles is TRUE? A) Researchers have found that high-masculinity adolescent boys never engage in problem behaviors. B) Pollack suggests that boys actually benefit from bottling up their feelings. C) Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent, flexible and mentally healthy.

D) Masculine and androgynous orientations might be less desirable in traditional academic and work settings because of the achievement demands in these contexts.

C) Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent, flexible and mentally healthy.

When examining children's peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked. A) popular B) neglected C) rejected

D) controversial

John Coie found that ____________ children have fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships with peers. A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected

D) isolated

Jacob finds his relationship with Akira exciting and amusing. Which function of friendship does their relationship fulfill? A) companionship B) stimulation C) ego support

D) social comparison

Schools in low-income neighborhoods face all of the following problems, EXCEPT: A) old and run-down school facilities B) fewer resources C) more experienced teachers who have become bored

D) more encouragement of rote learning over thinking skills

C) more experienced teachers who have become bored

To improve relations between ethnically diverse students, Eliot Aronson suggested A) turning the class into a jigsaw classroom. B) encouraging students to have positive personal contact with other diverse students. C) encouraging students to engage in perspective-taking.

D) helping students think critically when cultural issues are involved.

A) turning the class into a jigsaw classroom.

Research by Harold Stevenson and his colleagues found that Asian students consistently outperformed American students in math because A) of innate ability. B) American parents had much higher expectations for their child's education. C) American teachers spent less time teaching math than Asian teachers did.

D) Asian parents were less likely to help their children with math homework.

C) American teachers spent less time teaching math than Asian teachers did.